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          Oct 26, 2018
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            The Saga of Mechanics and Female Customers
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<p>When I take either one of my cars to a shop, I’m trusting the mechanics at that shop to be honest with me, provide excellent customer service, not rip me off because of my gender, and not pull me along for more than a week because I cannot get the information I need to get the job done.</p>
<p>A couple of months ago, I took my 1967 Plymouth VIP to a shop since its rear brakes were practically non-existent. There were grinding noises and times when I was worried if I would be able to stop at intersections. It was a scary drive. I didn’t want to do the work myself on an inclined driveway, and since the car was new to me, I didn’t really know what shape the underside, especially the lift points, was in.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Diamond, 1967 Plymouth Fury VIP, on tow truck" height="1425" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/Eg2DmU_u8jLrviH7914cQEX5H3JzOM_8YjTeYaplQ6A/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/YWFhZWZiM2E4NmU0/ZmFhMglQaHrFLcVY/SJ0BaBCmZF192nB2/aLA-xI58c0Owp9Je/JlXDrBHt9RvTpcFA/gnyCFp2rnDUUlKvw/3w80QnMoAFMD-ZY-/hdG-oZWRHAI0lHzO/OEPUyEYW2wbzEbls/LjyDvj45Wyurpkdz/bCihsrCDQdE.webp" width="1900" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>The previous owner had already purchased some parts for it — wheel cylinders, hardware kits, shoes. So, when I dropped the car off, I listed that the necessary parts were in the trunk. The following morning, the shop called me, informing me that the wheel cylinders were incorrect (that the bleeder valve needs to be in the central position) and that new drums were needed. The shop didn’t measure the drums to let me know what size I had to get. That same day, I found some wheel cylinders and purchased what I thought were the correct size (11-inch) drums.</p>
<p>And so it began.</p>
<p>They called me the day after I dropped off the parts. The drums I purchased “fit over the ones on there now,” and apparently I needed 10-inch drums. While I found a source for some, I asked around a bit. Pretty much everyone I had talked to about it said that all of the Furys of that era should have 11-inch drums in the back. I called the shop back, asking them to measure the drums to ensure I was getting the right ones. The response? In a slightly irritated tone: “We’re too busy. Just get the 10s and keep guessing.” Keep guessing?!</p>
<p>So, regretfully, I bought the 10-inch drums. A day and a half after dropping them off, I received another call, but it wasn’t the one I was anticipating. “These drums are too small. You need some that are 11 inches.” Wait, what?</p>
<p>At this point, I decided to have my car towed on a flatbed to another shop. The tow truck driver asked me questions and was baffled when I told him what was going on, and when I got to the new shop, they were a bit confused, too. Within three days, my car was done. The mechanics had machined the drums after being unsuccessful at finding new ones, fashioned and replaced a piece of brake line that was leaking, and installed parking brake hardware that apparently had disappeared at some point — all for about the same price as the “big name” shop.</p>
<p>A lot of this catastrophe could have been avoided had the first shop simply measured the drums for me in the first place. One would think that since they machine drums there that they would have micrometers or tape measures available. But their negligence created headaches and wasted time.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Diamond, 1967 Plymouth Fury VIP, brake shoe" height="1425" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/cUOikSX505Yrw8udp8zvtgtFfs_UmEqqgK-whiOGP7M/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZDRiY2ZiMmY3OThj/ODliZmhQKXnLcXuE/xxLcl-nPN2xff15C/UV7Z2QuZSnBThiX_/H3xLaBjSgUkYku2W/cCknpP6u-APsJy7v/oKJopvJyWwxKsriv/yloEix_LrHS_5Lio/jZ3CVwazu7gORhv6/OoBaPKMlDzA0MFPD/NFwtD0ogRoA.webp" width="1900" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>One of the rear brake shoes that was replaced.</em></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mechanics and Female Customers</h2>
<p>It’s been found that many automotive repair shops charge female customers more for services, or they will even charge for services that were not even completed since there was no need for them in the first place. In 2012, a group of researchers at AutoMD gathered quotes from more than 4,600 shops for a new radiator for a Toyota Camry. There were three conditions for the study: one where customers had done some research, one where customers hadn’t a clue how much the replacement should cost, and finally where the customers were anticipating a much higher cost.</p>
<p>The study found that those who did their research and those who had no idea what the repair would cost were both quoted around market value, while those expecting the higher cost were quoted higher costs.</p>
<p>However, the researchers also broke down the data by gender and found that mechanics had quoted female customers a higher average price than men (about $20 more). In the study’s report,<span> </span><a href="https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/the_importance_of_appearing_savvy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one of the authors states that</a><span> </span>“repair shops probably do not inherently dislike women or take pleasure in ripping them off. Instead, the data are more consistent with statistical discrimination. Shops believe, rightly or wrongly, that women know less about cars and car repair. In the absence of information to the contrary, they will be offered a higher quote.”</p>
<p>So, when women will go into a repair shop needing only an oil change, they sometimes end up leaving the shop hundreds of dollars poorer because the technicians discovered more work needed to be done. But sometimes they don’t even do that work, and the customer will still be charged for the labor. In a 2015 article in the<span> </span><em>Washington Post</em>, Patrice Banks, founder of<span> </span><a href="https://girlsautoclinic.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Girls Auto Clinic</a>, mentions a 2013 survey that discovered<span> </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/06/05/the-auto-industry-discriminates-against-women-so-i-quit-my-engineering-job-to-become-a-mechanic/?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.942e3b412a96" target="_blank" rel="noopener">77 percent of respondents</a><span> </span>thought that mechanics were more likely to sell female customers unnecessary repairs.</p>
<p>It’s not uncommon for auto technicians to state that you need more services done, but many of them are unnecessary. I can go to a quick oil change place and end up listening to 20 sales pitches. While I’m only going there for an oil change with conventional oil, they try to sell me their maximum life synthetic, a new air filter (that will cost three times as much as the filter actually costs), a transmission fluid change, a new serpentine belt … the list goes on. But many female customers will believe they need these services simply because they have no clue. One of my friends once changed the wiper blades on her car a week prior to going to one of these shops, and then they tried to sell her new wiper blades. No, thanks.</p>
<p>So, fellow women, I sincerely hope that if you cannot work on your car yourself, please do some research first and go to an honest shop. Tell them exactly what you’re experiencing — vibrations, weird smells, leaking fluids — and try not to fall for the upsells. And if the shop cannot help you find the right parts and neglects to do one of the most fundamental steps of a brake job, find a new shop as soon as you can.</p>
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          Sep 14, 2018
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            Inspirational and Goal-Driven Racing Pioneer Lyn St. James
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<p>Lyn St. James worked her way from competing in local Florida races to racing in renowned events such as the Indy 500, 12 Hours of Sebring, 24 Hours of Daytona, 24 Hours of Le Mans, and 24 Hours of Nürburgring. An inspiration for all racers, she now participates in vintage races and is an ambassador and motivational speaker.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James" height="423" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/4Ffuom4NjoTkTQkCHHJuC12xLC8ivWK9CLRREKZB7Yo/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NzcxYmQwYWM5ODMy/NjIyY3QndEm7C5jD/aqLiIXmUT1B9QmZp/vGN9mImvGCSox-pg/sroPcuvwSFVmVj-E/zI7Vj5PkRQ4jYJM2/e3Ujt-v8A0a5IShb/5bhMnor62SVAa-zA/pQOVovgZX-Z_8H72/nvNU-OffxTfKnb70/8Ec0LdnsdPw.webp" width="500" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>In her Ford Mustang race car in 1982. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TGG: Coming from a background as a secretary and piano teacher, how did you get into racing?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>LSJ:</strong> Well, I grew up in kind of a car culture really in the Midwest, and I was a race fan. I went to the drag races, I went to the Indy 500 as a spectator. I mean, racing was certainly on the radar screen, but strictly as a spectator. It wasn’t until quite a few years later — I didn’t start racing until I was 27. When I moved to Florida and went to the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring as a spectator, I found out that people did this as a hobby besides at the professional level.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Even though I knew a lot of people who I did some drag racing with when I was a teenager, it wasn’t really for me — sitting in line, waiting to go down, and it’s over in a few seconds. But I saw road racing, and I saw this endurance racing, and I saw real people drove race cars. They were in Corvettes and Camaros and Porsches, besides the stars who were up in the front.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I found out about the Sports Car Club of America and went to a couple of those races in South Florida, and I found out that you can go to driver’s school and get a competition license. That’s what I wanted to do. I went out and got a Ford Pinto, which was my street car. I prepared it with a roll bar, a five-point seat belt, and a fire extinguisher, took it to driver’s school, and just never looked back.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It’s not an easy sport by any stretch of the imagination. Even to this day I still race, and it’s a very complex sport. It requires human resources, it requires technical resources, it requires financial resources, which are all very hard to pull together. It’s not just something where you go buy a tennis racket and you go out to play against the wall or you go out to a court somewhere and get an opponent. It has much more moving parts and elements to be able to figure it out.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Did you have any inspirations?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>Not really. I was married at the time, and fortunately, my husband and I went together. He was as keen on this as I was, so that helped a lot. I wouldn’t call it an inspiration, but it’s certainly a lot of help.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As I look back, you know, a lot of times we see things we didn’t see at the time. Because I went to a girls school, I got sports, where if I had gone to public school, that wouldn’t have been offered. They didn’t have the sports for girls. So, I think I was blessed to be able to participate in sports.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James, 24 Hours of Nürburgring" height="500" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/rZ___aO7XauCrDjzSMxNjasdwAkMt29tXZDbmN2dZxA/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZWVmMjY5NmZlY2Zl/MWEzM9Oc8IQNvCeZ/I2buFQb38i12RQCX/HQa45BDSdKcGtWxt/cwpuh5Xnuo_2dfcO/GAkNnd4untxrJ7XD/pS8Q5rVzSXUqTsnN/kRLIpYjco11gtayz/-gMsprBRIG5Ppskf/4Hv86xqGPX3sTzxG/XD-L1mC3y34.webp" width="359" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Leading a group at the 24 Hours of Nürburgring. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<p>I didn’t consider myself a great athlete. And then I remember watching Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs in 1973. I think that somehow impacted me, with a woman tennis player beating a male. He was a lot older than her. It got national attention. I think somewhere, probably in the back of my mind, it kind of gave me permission to do something that maybe would have not been considered the right thing for a girl to do. Consciously I never say that to myself, but sometimes we have a lot of subconscious messages that our brains are processing that we’re not necessarily paying constant attention to.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And later, I became very much an advocate for women in sports. I got to meet Billie Jean, and my life changed dramatically. But at the time, if you were to talk about inspiration — I think that probably had some impact. My husband wanted to build a Corvette and all that. So it was more that I had allies for it than I had inspiration.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">You raced during the same time and even co-drove with Janet Guthrie. Since the both of you were kind of rarities at the time, was there any rivalry between you two?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>No. At the time I started racing, I didn’t know anything about Janet Guthrie. When she came to Indy in the late ’70s, she gained all kinds of attention. And I was racing, but I was racing in the amateur and very low levels, local levels. So, I didn’t relate to her in that sense, and quite frankly she was at a much higher level. I was amazed at how they appeared to not really want her there. I mean, with the media and the editors, there was a lot of controversy when she showed up at Indy. I didn’t sense that in my life. In my world, I felt like I was part of something.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But I did get a chance to meet her and race with her in the late ’70s at Sebring. But again, she was way up on the pedestal, and I was just this local Florida girl. By the time I got to what I’d call my professional time — in the ’80s and when I got Ford as a sponsor, and then of course in the ’90s when I got to Indy — she had already retired. So, we were never really contemporaries. It was just for that one time at Sebring.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Racing when you did, were there any challenges to competing in the male dominated sport of auto racing?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>The challenges are every time you show up to the race track. No matter how well prepared you think you are, no matter how much you want to do well, it’s incredibly difficult to get to a race track, to have a car prepared, to have all the pieces in place.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I was just kind of, it is what it is. I’m proud of the fact that I’m a woman and I am a race car driver, so it’s not like I’m a woman race car driver. I never felt that I was different. I think it’s important to, for any of us, that we have our feet on the ground about what we’re doing and why we’re doing it. I wasn’t trying to prove anything about women. I was trying to earn respect and do well. I mean, I felt pretty good when I did well, and I felt really shitty when I didn’t. So, it was really more about how I felt about me as opposed to worrying about what other people thought about me. And I kind of always had stayed true to that, and I think that’s helped me survive and helped me stay grounded and not get too carried away.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I certainly have realized that through the <a href="https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Women’s Sports Foundation</a> and working with Billie Jean that I actually have a responsibility and an opportunity to impact the way people think about what women are capable of. I certainly realized there was a power behind what I was doing in the later years. That was a tool — that was a benefit of what I was doing. I just never got it in the way of me doing what I wanted to do when I wanted to do it. I just loved to drive race cars, and that’s why I do what I do. I realized there was this benefit, I guess you could say, and opportunity to do that and the powerful tool to benefit others, which feels good. You like to feel that what you’re doing in this world actually — in some way, shape, or form — can benefit other people or change the way, positively, how people think. That’s a really cool bonus.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What made you decide to move from endurance racing to CART and IndyCar?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I never really decided that. I liked endurance racing because it’s a chief sport, and you get a lot of seat time. I just wanted to drive an Indy car because they’re the ultimate. Maybe some people say Formula 1, but that wasn’t in my stratosphere. I really just wanted to drive an Indy car. It’s called perfection. And as I got better as a race car driver, I wanted to see how I would stack up and what would it feel like.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James, 1993 Indianapolis 500" height="448" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/Zjpy8dnIATe3NzdO7YTj_-p1D9QhxDkA_wRO68O99oc/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NjY5M2JiZThiNmY3/NDkyYsWOQvfOr1Y6/Qg-mHsvLws21_nD9/hu8sY5aG35AyMFK6/XsLonWo5g_9higB2/IMNRZqizjB10IaS2/97Ls0dtrv5cs9k35/2ySfEsIrhFQ-wb0P/Wb7SZ5CPJMNiVTxx/KwvUo57hWqh_v-Y2/EncrStTyX-E.webp" width="580" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Lyn St. James at the 1993 Indianapolis 500. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<p>I finally got that opportunity in 1988 when Dick Simon gave me that opportunity to drive an Indy car. I definitely took to it better than I anticipated, and I liked it. He watched me and said, “We can do this.” He didn’t say, “You can do this,” he just said, “We can do this,” which was very powerful because then I realized I had somebody who saw my ability and also had the resources. He had cars and teams, and he was in the business. That inspired me. I think I looked at him like, “Are you serious?” He was like, “Yes.” And so it set me on that path. It took us four years before I was able to find sponsorship.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So, it’s just having a little bit of a dream, and the dream comes true. The dream was just to drive the car, and then the dream became a reality, which then turned into a challenge and a goal. I mean, it literally turned from just a dream, reality, and then, “Oh my god, I have a new goal.” Kind of like what the heck am I really thinking? But I couldn’t stop — I could not not do it. But I’m glad I did.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">You were the first woman to win Rookie of the Year at Indy. What was that like?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I’m a very goal-oriented person, so when I get a goal, I get really, really focused. First of all, I never even knew there was such a thing until I got to Indy. I didn’t know they had a Rookie of the Year. You go to these meetings with all the rookies, and then the talk starts about it. There were like 11 rookies that year, so it was a big field. I didn’t even learn about it until I actually got to Indy and throughout the month of May. And then I was like: “There’s no way. There’s no way in hell.” I found out that it’s evaluated on a lot of different things — your qualifying position, your finishing position, but also other things done by this group of media people. And, of course, they were all males. So, I was like, “There’s no way.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>That wasn’t even on my radar screen, and when that was announced at the victory banquet, I was totally, totally taken aback. But what was more a bigger part of the story was that Dick Simon, my owner who had taken more rookies to Indy than any other team owner and was very successful and very well known for that, had never won Rookie of the Year with any of those drivers. What was so cool was to not only be taken aback and my sense of pride, but I really felt that that was sort of a trophy for him, winning for all the other rookies that he’d taken. It was very cool. I asked them if they would make a trophy so that he could have a trophy.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James, 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans" height="500" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/j_ZdjRZq36Bot4HSwhx5g7atXHpV-kRdClBvunGQkoY/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZTY4OGFkOGFiOGI1/ODRkM5LyuutzBpj-/O99fl3Z-pnLgUEhh/08d1qOD34aneWL1b/Oh02ZrGw9u8DqnkX/mU3muF4DMNgoqEaP/kRQx11znp8q8gm-G/QG-NbnKNmyhoeMOC/VNbhV1UGsa158JYJ/nDT8HNpixhOpF85V/K_AoY_gzSN4.webp" width="350" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>At the 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is it like having competed in perhaps some of the most prestigious races, like the Indy 500, the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and the 24 Hours of Daytona?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>It’s extraordinary. These are iconic races that I’d read about and watched, that I knew that the people who race in those are the best of the best. And then when you get there, and you actually do it, particularly at Daytona and Indy to have the success we had. At Le Mans, we didn’t have that kind of success. But at the same time, it’s almost, what I might call it, an out of body experience. You’re just living it and wondering all of those years that you wondered what it would be like in your mind. And particularly like at Daytona as a spectator at that event and then racing in it a number of times, and we actually had the win.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>You almost have to hit yourself upside the head and say: “Hey, you’re not a spectator, you’re actually doing it. Pay attention.” You’ve got to really slap yourself sometimes and kind of be in the moment and actually be doing what you’re doing and try not to observe what you’re doing. It’s a wonderful feeling to accomplish things that are not only goals, but are goals that are pretty lofty.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is your favorite experience of your racing career?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>That’s an impossible one to answer because there have been so many. I just raced a 1927 Bugatti Type 35C at Laguna Seca, and I was wanting to see what it was like driving one of those Bugattis that the women of the ’20s and ’30s raced. That certainly doesn’t necessarily take the top of the list, but it’s the most recent one. Racing at Indy is obviously the epitome of accomplishments, and my driving style is so well suited to that type of racing. So, that was perfection for me. And then racing at Le Mans.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>There’s just too many. Going to Talladega and setting a speed record, and racing at the Bonneville Salt Flats last year and setting a record there. I’m just so blessed to have all of these extraordinary experiences. I could never, ever just pick one.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James, Indy car 1993" height="394" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/N25Y22b9LHRSy9bwXUZ1M-ciYwgzZSKUJ4QsU2AZHQc/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/M2YyNmRkNmIxZGFj/YTA3MYE37TWAFnPY/9Ij8LnJ7FghYQrFz/lscfsyoeO_UKoJH2/wLzw0hCTBcaTANol/8jvEbyu6-SMaXzaM/W9_QcZon2hvSqP_U/C-TmkwE9p3euXwCD/loHibVL0toFPijPI/dqgEa885gm1vBx6K/rmy5Lqa1Ph4.webp" width="594" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>  <em>Behind the wheel of her Indy car in 1993. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is the first car you ever drove ten-tenths?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>The first car I drove ten-tenths was the Ford Pinto. I had to learn how to do that, it was ten-tenths for sure. I had to use the handbrake and every bit of rubber I could get down on the pavement. It wasn’t a lot of horsepower, but putting it down and thinking about momentum and clip angles — that was the best experience to start for me. It was affordable, it had protection around it, and it wasn’t so much power that I could get into so much trouble. I had to learn how to get everything I could out of it.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What made you retire from auto racing full time, and what do you do now?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>My last Indy 500 was in 2000, and I was 53 years old, so I was behind the curve and I knew it. I didn’t like it, I didn’t want it to be that way, but as much as we’d like to deny it or hate to accept it and totally deny it, certain things slow down. Reaction times, your concentration, all of that. There’s just certain things that you need to have if you’re going to be at that level of the sport.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>That closed that chapter of my career. And quite frankly, I had a dormant period for a while because I don’t own race cars, I really don’t have the financial ability to do that, and my life changed in many ways. So, I kind of had a dormant period and thought maybe my racing days were over, which was really depressing.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And then sometime in the mid-2000s, I got an invitation to be a grand marshal at a vintage race, and they didn’t have a budget to pay me. I said: “Oh, I’d love to do it. But can you get me a drive in something and then you don’t have to worry about paying me?” I got into this Formula Atlantic car and just had a blast. It just brought me back to life.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>That’s how the whole vintage racing thing happened. It’s still pretty sporadic, but it just feeds my soul. You don’t have to be 100 percent at the top of your game. You’re not going at the speeds of an Indy car and all that kind of stuff. So, I didn’t decide, my body decided pretty much. I’m just blessed that I can still race.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Lyn St. James, Chevron B39 Formula Atlantic" height="365" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/kY7ekFRbWp9Hb-AGxE7veEpLpBAyzCTkhmscMS2sjg0/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NTM3MTY2YWQxMTFh/YjJkM61Jus5dAh1i/ZFRRAYf5c0Va5SQE/mr8dvD9SdDyxs_O5/HI4UNHpoy2RRolsU/We86-GMo-2Tq5Swh/ORlTzmBayc6W8CyI/qIpeVUeKI8Ys7B7j/-v3XLt0640GWtiLS/3eKfeUH9-Iac73kP/EeLW9TAhizM.webp" width="550" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>At the vintage races at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in a Chevron B39 Formula Atlantic. Photo courtesy of Lyn St. James.</em>  </p>
<p>It also gives me the opportunity to not only be a little bit more available to make appearances. I do book signings. I’m also an ambassador for the <a href="https://rpm.foundation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RPM Foundation</a>, which stands for Restoration, Preservation &amp; Mentorship. I get so sick and tired of everybody saying young people don’t care about cars. Our society’s changed, and maybe all of us don’t need cars like we did 10, 20, 30 years ago. But it’s not that they don’t care about them — it’s that they don’t have the same way of caring about them as we did.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>There are opportunities for people to understand mechanics, who really have mechanical aptitude. There’s a whole career opportunity for them to be able to restore and preserve the cars because it’s also part of history. You don’t even have to necessarily want to be a racer or a mechanic, but you have to care about the history of our country, the history of the world, and many times it’s tied around the automobile and around other mechanical objects. I really enjoy the opportunity to get that message out and to interact with young people at their schools, bring students to the races, to different concours and events around the world. There’s a real need for it. There’s an opportunity for people and the parents to understand the career potential for their kids. It’s not just a grease monkey job.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I’m kind of exploring new venues with that, and of course I still have scholarship programs for women in racing. I’m still trying to help those gals who are out there and really are serious about their racing, to see if there’s a way I can help them get up the ladder.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">For any girls or women wanting to get into the sport of auto racing, do you have any advice for them?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>First of all, go-karting is a great way to just give it a whirl, give it a try. And if you get yourself in a go-kart and it’s fun, and you seem to kind of like the idea of sliding around and bumping and grinding a little bit wheel to wheel, and you can do that in a go-kart, don’t be discouraged.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The next thing is to find people to do it with, whether it’s family or friends. You’ve got to find people to do it with. And at that point, do it as well as you can, learn as much as you can, and then decide whether if it’s something you just want to do for fun, which is absolutely OK, or whether you are so serious that you want to try to do it professionally. And at that point, call me.</p>
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          Jun 18, 2018
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            The Story of the Shively Speed Machine
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<p></p>
<p>“It’s got a story,” Ray Portman, longtime owner, says.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>After being purchased new in 1957 in Newark, Ohio, Portman’s friend Bobby Jones bought the Chevrolet from its original owner. When Jones moved back down to Louisville, Kentucky, Portman became partners with him and soon bought the car for $500.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Shively Speed Machine" height="683" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/qJHNhMVnPfCCKm6h7zEmnyifQ514mFHxHKSHai4U2Z8/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZGNkMThkZjRkYTQy/ZmVkOCkkz_C4oHBR/3T4qnY2DdU41qREy/af_kFRJiwEvRkd7e/Vxxcyx8UuSZ30UL4/5XhSRnd6cGCmj9Cr/UluOdjcJnddzUjki/HAUD2XFaQgeCJsw9/nmBg-_FInyh0D7G4/Kv0UXi2rnQSXu1QN/Bibs-td_Ljs.webp" width="1024" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>With “Shively Speed Machine” painted on the front fenders, Portman drag-raced the Chevy in the SS/M class throughout the 1960s and ’70s. (Shively Speed Machine, a local automotive shop, sponsored the car.) The car competed at National Trail Raceway outside of Columbus, Ohio, and at weekly bracket programs at Ohio Valley in West Point, Kentucky. But in 1972, the NHRA realized that a four-speed wasn’t available in ’57 Chevys, not even as a dealer option. As a result, they took it away from the car. “It destroyed the car,” Portman says. “Powerglides weren’t any good at that time.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Despite its successes, there were some scary moments while racing the Chevy. “It got out from under me once at the finish line,” Portman says. “The car that I was racing was in his lane going straight, and I was in my lane and his lane, looking out the side window at his taillights.” It turned out that the shifter had been knocked into reverse at about 90 mph.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Shively Speed Machine engine" height="683" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/_7tEtD78zEZEX2u6tWH1LewVFNmXP_dfobLeLknddlw/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MWFhZGMyZGM3ZTM4/MjM1ZSNnwYN4zlBV/sE7RDXgUaJiT00n8/KrCPbTSWfpcuILsM/Pp66IYDax0sfJYfP/AQ_7E4fAw_a73ZfE/DAORUurPYYiHJwzB/BBbA2tYrILcEIm7J/MXxOT27JHH2ZbCkx/gMahJJv_cc1RNZf_/cCYJnjJLWpM.webp" width="1024" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>  <em>The Shively Speed Machine's small-block 327 V-8. The coil on the firewall isn't real.</em>  </p>
<p>Portman raced the car until about 1985. After that, it sat in storage for three decades.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Originally, the Portman family decided to turn the car into a Pro Street car. That’s when they began stripping the paint on the driver’s side front fender, partially removing the Shively Speed Machine lettering. The car then sat in the garage for a few more years, and they chose to turn it into a gasser. After purchasing all of the parts, the project never happened, and the car stayed in storage for a few more years.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It wasn’t until family friend Jeremy Thompson of <a href="http://www.thompsonhotrods.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Thompson’s Hot Rods</a> decided that the car should be restored and basically took over the project two years ago.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Shively Speed Machine engine firing order" height="683" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/QM36QEvOHxBHUILPB4iVTyBoJGQYlS_g2rZOeufGJ8o/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZGExNGNjN2M2MmVl/ZWIxZDF5kVlcD5cv/vReApYhPzAqggacL/WAqOzt_v764d_q15/fnyul_W_5VWL26lo/mMIQyLKYCqpHSdRd/P_syIBt4Mwejz4W7/aGlA0OXdFyL5zRDs/WDw_upwhnpoO91ZX/44ccVEiyCEJWBEkR/js4ZM5PhbUc.webp" width="1024" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>For easy reference, the firing order is written on the underside of the hood.</em>  </p>
<p>Over the next six months with help of some friends, Thompson, Ray, and Ray’s sons, Mark and Steve, did a complete mechanical restoration of the car, leaving the cosmetics alone. “We just made the car safe to where it could be raced again because it had been sitting for so long,” Mark says. They rewired and replumbed the car, replaced the brake system and added disc brakes, rebuilt all of the major mechanicals, and added a roll bar.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Shively Speed Machine uses its original Chevrolet block. The 327 is bored 30 over, has a complete roller valvetrain, an Edelbrock intake, a Holley carburetor, and Stahl fenderwell headers. Built for eighth-mile drag racing, its Powerglide transmission is paired with a 5,000- stall torque converter, and the ’57 rear end has a 6.17:1 gear. For reliability is an MSD ignition system—the coil under the hood on the firewall is just for show.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Since being restored, the Portman family has taken the car to numerous events to show it off and make a few runs down the strip. “It got a pick at Beatersville,” Mark says. “We’ve taken it to the <a href="http://www.nhramuseum.org/apcm/templates/general.asp?articleid=676&amp;zoneid=41&amp;navsource=reunions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[NHRA Holley] Hot Rod Reunion</a>. It’s been to the <a href="https://www.thetrifivenationals.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tri-Five Nats</a> a couple of times.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Shively Speed Machine" height="1024" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/AxJ76KGz4mrgsPrFa6Elo-9cyZr40CXmpGp2GQEGYS0/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZjY0OTA4OGY0MzA2/MzdjMjw3swAauwOV/xxPzJc61MLnVF4ce/CTGySx7Zf2ZVIp27/x5K_g0YFW1JDUjVu/grLXih5rYXBHcZQG/hlhd7imoe74LLzB2/7wYhMBpRMcRBMhCe/C01DdUAJXxTPCS2L/Z2VltuckYaw79-3z/ZUFMcej0A4U.webp" width="683" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>The late Steve "Weasel" Portman still gets to ride around in the Shively Speed Machine.</em>  </p>
<p>Last October, a picture of the Shively Speed Machine’s dashboard was used for an award by <a href="https://www.shelbysway.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shelby’s Way</a>, a suicide prevention organization. The award is in memory of Steve, who passed away in March of last year, and now the Portman family is in charge of selecting the car that receives the annual award.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>This year, the car will make its first appearance at the <a href="http://meltdowndrags.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meltdown Drags</a> in Byron, Illinois. The event can be thought of as the Goodwood Revival of vintage drag racing, where its organizers tech cars for period correctness and originality and the track officials wear white from head to toe. “They only allow 750 cars, and they have thousands of entries,” Mark says. “We got picked to go to that, so that’s pretty cool. And they like to have cars that have a story."</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Vintage drag racing photographs courtesy of the late Mark Portman.</em></p>
<p></p>
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          May 19, 2018
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            Chemical Guys Torq Foam Blaster 6 Kit Review
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><em>Note: This is not a sponsored post. All opinions are of my own. In addition, this post contains affiliate links, which means that at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission on your purchase.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a car enthusiast, I’m always on the lookout for the best car washing products and methods. While looking around online, I found the <a href="https://bit.ly/2IiXJKM" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chemical Guys Torq Foam Blaster 6</a>, which connects directly to a standard garden hose. They also have the Torq Foam Cannon, but since I don’t yet have a pressure washer, I opted for the Foam Blaster instead.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Chemical Guys Torq Foam Blaster 6 kit" height="683" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/VAWgLKRoj1M0XXk5GR0LlBB9kXp4oIfLkCp-ddLwJxM/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/Yjg4Njk5N2Y3OTY2/YWYwNTCruQ9k1P-G/59E__UMgD6qbzV0X/ls14eTk1NbLxyFlm/xUU7wHkZ2uqT1OGh/q5m5J2YmQbH0SbFi/34KaTlmscu70wPGj/9tmDWeft7YWJzEdg/tC2oz5rORBxrmYTN/2B-Gld8cuowRZhcF/uDZdjm-MjN4.webp" width="1024" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Chemical Guys kit comes with:</h2>
<p> </p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>The Torq Foam Blaster 6 foam gun and spray nozzle. The Foam Blaster 6 has five settings for regulating how much soap foam is produced while spraying.</li>

<li>A 4½–gallon heavy-duty detailing bucket with the Chemical Guys logo</li>

<li>The Cyclone dirt trap bucket insert, which fits perfectly in the bucket</li>

<li>A chenille microfiber wash mitt, which features a super-soft 70/30 microfiber blend to help reduce the chances of creating scratches and swirls in your car’s paint surface.</li>

<li>A 16-ounce bottle of the Chemical Guys Honeydew Snow Foam auto wash cleanser. This car wash soap has a pH-neutral formula, which makes it safe to use in direct sunlight for a spot-free wash and with whatever wax you may have previously applied to the car.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p>So, I decided to try out the kit on the <a href="https://the-gearhead-girl-shop.fourthwall.com/supporters/posts/204501" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Austin Mini</a>, <a href="https://the-gearhead-girl-shop.fourthwall.com/supporters/posts/203459" target="_blank" rel="noopener">for which I previously did a seat cushion repair</a>. The Foam Blaster 6 was pretty fun to use, and I do feel as though it helped improve the car washing process. It’s a little hard to turn the dial to select how much foam you want to produce, but once you figure out a setting, you can just leave it in place. The Honeydew soap created thick suds. However, it seemed to take a while longer to completely rinse it off the car, which really isn’t much of a problem.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Cyclone dirt trap worked pretty well. The only thing I didn’t really like about it is that it’s difficult to remove from the bucket since there isn’t anywhere to grab it besides the little cones.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The kit is available on both the <a href="https://bit.ly/2IiXJKM" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chemical Guys website</a> for $79.99 and on <a href="https://amzn.to/2MGLvgI" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amazon</a> (with Prime shipping) for $98.57.</p>
<p><a href="https://youtu.be/Mn6RxGqjPEs?si=u-NjCYFCIZ4kSS7E" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Watch the Video Here</strong></a></p>
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          Apr 13, 2018
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            Keeping Its Roots in Rally Racing: STI Celebrates 30 Years
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<p>Known for its formula combining a low center of gravity and high traction, Subaru Tecnica International, more commonly known simply as STI, has been Subaru’s in-house motorsport and high-performance division for 30 years. Founded on April 2, 1988, as a subsidiary of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. by Ryuichiro Kuze, STI has had more than 25 years of motorsport success. The division has continuously incorporated its competition knowledge into its desirable, confidence-inspiring vehicles.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Subaru WRX STI Type RA NBR" height="1280" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/tPfSDn4eRhHdxjd68Geza6lXHBVR2dTFHFlz6nLleug/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NDFjOWVjMGZiYmYw/YWNhORsPbVRSjgPI/zwWspi1P8dEkY75V/jIW2ueR6ihaaZPGw/GKPF_WJoMHSIJZOT/Z_1guSAQLdA-FOJl/C50Ai9-OdUBd2tj_/KbXQdo1LLdqQXkI5/E9TZC8AHo95ox21M/oVj8zxT0q7ZgFwkT/jvEJ2qkqU60.webp" width="1920" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Subaru WRX STI Type RA NBR at the Nürburgring. Photo courtesy of Subaru of America.</em>  </p>
<p>Subaru’s STI pedigree in motorsport competition can be traced back to 1972, when a Leone (known as the GL in the United States) participated in the Southern Cross Rally in Australia. Eight years later, Subaru entered its first all-wheel-drive vehicle in the FIA’s World Rally Championship (WRC). Soon came STI’s first tuned vehicle, the Legacy Turbo, which was fitted with a 220-hp boxer-four engine, an upgraded suspension, and larger brakes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In January 1989, the performance division took a Legacy Turbo, along with two others, out for the division’s first public outing as it set out to beat the FIA World Speed Endurance Record for 100,000 km (more than 62,000 miles). On each car, STI upgraded the engine internals, tweaked the turbocharger, and stiffened the drivetrain. It also added a stiffer suspension, larger brakes, a roll cage, and a deeper front air dam. Horsepower coming out of the boxer-four engine had been bumped up to 220. Averaging a speed of 223.345 km/h (138.78 mph), it took 18 days to break the record at the Arizona Test Center south of Phoenix.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>This success resulted in the production of the limited production Legacy RS RA, STI’s first production car. The RS RA looked nearly identical to the regular RS model with the exception of “Hand Built by STI” decals. Its turbocharged flat-four engine put out 220 horsepower and had forged pistons, strengthened connecting rods, and revised intake and exhaust systems. The suspension and brakes were also upgraded, as well as the addition of a quicker steering ratio and a front axle strut brace.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Subaru Legacy Turbos, FIA World Speed Endurance Record" height="1266" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/o8xJ0wsOfVT4QMbicDZ6ZYTVpw4tJ9R0AwjEFr5ZOlw/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/Y2NlOGQxMTM4MWI3/Yjk5N-2v1Xb5J5DK/m_lVrOIGkxnFjYg3/jKcQaIoqktOhoP_F/kyr8NTXo1hSX9Q86/r3I3V2Y2apsBapTV/VN3M19f1q-kChlmB/QnDBB9UpRSSZkkMr/67a8ZvXbyu7thfrx/ChFUXMxpgo4nCNc1/4iBQcLdtjF4.webp" width="1500" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Subaru Legacy Turbos at the FIA World Speed Endurance Record for 100,000 km. Photo courtesy of Subaru of America.</em>  </p>
<p>Later in 1990, the division began competing in motorsport at the WRC Safari Rally. The Legacy RS, with drivers Jim Heather-Hayes and Anton Levitan, finished sixth overall.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The performance division continued incorporating their successful motorsport technologies into their production vehicles in 1992 with the Legacy STI. It built the limited production, Japan-only car to order. In 1994, the first Impreza WRX STI brought rally racing technology to the road. That same year, a version of Subaru’s Symmetrical All-Wheel Drive, known as Driver-Controlled Center Differential (DCCD), debuted on the Impreza WRX Type RA STI.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Throughout its first couple years of WRC competition, STI had some high finishes. The division didn't get its first victory until 1993, though, when Colin McRae won the New Zealand Rally. The following season, STI switched to the compact Impreza and finished second overall.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>STI became the first Japanese company to win the manufacturers’ championships for three consecutive seasons: 1995, 1996, and 1997. They were its only WRC championships.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1998, the company introduced its most desirable vehicle ever produced in order to homologate a wider-bodied Impreza coupe for the following WRC season. The 22B Impreza WRX STI featured gold BBS wheels and a 280-hp 2.2-liter turbocharged boxer engine that made solid boost in mid-range torque. With production limited to only 400 units, the Japan-only car sold out immediately after its announcement.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Subaru Impreza WRX STI 22B" height="1244" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/MASKlsiIY-zB6P-qlKh1m5yF_ZcGryAybbI7jJOZiNc/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZmUyNzVhOTgyMDY5/M2QyZH6qrhaTY1wl/JWUXNSVfoHEo_Plu/9iHJSnHH11zei9Da/O_upruiUVi8P4LeG/6dF3DV6ShxwB5Wmd/A_TsVEOL5jti9ekR/CNT7p7YSIq-V9Kbd/nG2zjw_FAmhEnwSp/MUSSK0X_Usnrq0tE/lVx-9JOvmL4.webp" width="1900" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Subaru Impreza WRX STI 22B. Photo courtesy of Subaru of America.</em>  </p>
<p>The Japan-only 2001 Impreza WRX STI S201 put out more than 300 horsepower. The company recalibrated its ECU and added a front axle limited slip differential and a fully adjustable suspension. The built to order S201 featured higher boost pressure and a larger, free-flowing exhaust. The following year, both the Impreza S202 STI and Legacy S401 STI were introduced as limited edition models. In 2003, the WRX STI S203, another Japanese domestic market car, pushed 321 horsepower out of its boxer engine and had a screaming 8000-rpm redline. STI redesigned the ball bearing turbocharger and improved cooling. Only 555 S203s were produced—again, to order.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It wasn’t until 2004 when those in the States could finally get their hands on Subaru’s flagship all-wheel-drive car. The Impreza WRX STI had a 300-hp turbocharged boxer engine was paired with a short-throw six-speed manual transmission, and the company upgraded the suspension and added DCCD All-Wheel Drive and Brembo brakes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Meanwhile, the Forester STI debuted in Japan with the same 2.5-liter turbo boxer-four as the Impreza STI. It also featured an upgraded suspension, Recaro bucket seats, and Brembo brakes. The following year, the Legacy 2.0GT Spec B “Tuned by STI,” based on the fourth generation Legacy sedan and wagon, came out. While it wasn’t a full STI model, the Legacy had several STI upgrades. Under the hood was a 2.0-liter turbocharged engine, along with an upgraded the clutch, transmission, and ECU. Brembo brakes and a Bilstein suspension also made it onto the model. It produced the car in limited numbers for the Japanese, American, and Australian markets. In 2006, the WRX STI S204 came out in a built to order run of 600 units.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Soon after, the Impreza WRX STI Spec C Type RA-R debuted. Designed and built to homologate the Impreza-based Group C rally car, the road legal limited production car (only 300 made) utilized the 2.0-liter engine from the S203. Available in Japan, the S204 had many lightweight modifications, including aluminum body panels and thinner glass.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But in 2008, FHI ended its participation in the WRC after it started to be outclassed. But the performance division wasn’t done with its motorsport success. The company continued to supply rally cars for privateer teams in the series and then moved on to the Japanese Super GT series and the 24 Hours of Nürburgring.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>STI entered its first 24 Hours of Nürburgring that year. Two years later, Tommi Makinen set the production sedan lap record at the ’Ring in an Impreza WRX STI Spec C, lapping the circuit in 7 minutes and 55 seconds. Later, STI won the SPT3 class at the grueling endurance event four times: in 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2016. It then went on to set records at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy and the Goodwood Festival of Speed hillclimb, where it was third fastest overall.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Subaru WRX STI NBR" height="1280" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/Rx8J_2OkjdTnwn0fIMjA1dSN6PwCM-HviPPyhkWO41c/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NTI2YTlhMTRkMGRl/MDNhYmyPwQCvCj7K/nfjw3QRGkLsi455P/JfKn5sX_fQqNt_hF/qF_eS2Xg0NUYHJNK/K9XJQi25QsE1FcyC/MlKWFumX1v0YtwJZ/73N2wIxrxduxMFD4/n7D9JVNxZ2jWPahA/AgQp2dc9iG63RBqH/MO5z6N9uLMk.webp" width="1920" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Subaru WRX STI NBR at the Nürburgring. Photo courtesy of Subaru of America.</em>  </p>
<p>In July 2017, the division set the lap record for sedans at the Nürburgring Nordschleife in a WRX STI Type RA NBR Special, which was built specifically to demonstrate the sedan’s capabilities and all-wheel-drive system. Its rally-spec, 2.0-liter boxer engine had a 75-mm intake and a turbo that ran at 250 psi of boost, resulting in more than 600 horsepower at 8,500 rpm. Its aero package produced more than 650 pounds of downforce at top speed, and the rear wing featured a drag reduction system, similar to those used on Formula 1 cars. A success for both Subaru of America and Prodrive, the car completed the 12.8-mile circuit in a blistering 6:57.5.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>STI then released the 2018 WRX STI Type RA (for “Record Attempt”) to celebrate its successes. The limited production WRX had only 500 units allotted for the States and featured a carbon fiber roof, more horsepower, a Bilstein STI sport suspension, and a modified version of the Multi-Mode Vehicle Dynamics Control system. Additionally, the BRZ tS (for “Tuned by STI”) also debuted for the 2018 model year to help celebrate the performance division's heritage, with an aerodynamic body design, an STI-tuned suspension, and 18-inch wheels.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>When STI competed in the WRC, it dominated the series with 47 victories—more rally wins than any other Japanese manufacturer. And the division continues with its motorsport competition and record beating while allowing its racing technologies trickle down into Subaru’s production performance vehicles. Here’s to another 30 years of sticking to your rally roots, Subaru Tecnica International.</p>
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          Mar 11, 2018
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          <a data-turbo-frame="_top" class="post__title" href="/supporters/posts/204071">
            The Elephant: A History of Chrysler's Hemi Engine
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<p></p>
<p>It’s the design of the Hemi engine that made it special and highly desirable in racing and hot rodding. A spark plug is located in the top center of each symmetrically perfect, dome-shaped combustion chamber, shortening the flame travel and burn distance and therefore providing more effective lighting of the air/fuel mixture.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="426 Hemi cylinder head" height="670" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/bwi4Bd_E9dW3oZghtxq10gMRC8CeNQ-gdosqPt5kTEc/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/YjM5ODIxNTk4YWQ2/MGQwY4zfTIk8ltUA/tZFHFIkIlHdNQPiG/NYIhL9nev4qkVl8g/nNxN16s0eI-aZGB3/Z1FKMH4QDxcox78l/n1CPxXChvoNHpz9b/5T6f9MqyLeI87BWx/R1FBpK1siRj-i0PU/35M85VOwz5lOb4zX/GugTTp6LXGI.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>426 Hemi cylinder head. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<p>Domed pistons create enough compression, and the exhaust and intake valves are located on either side of the combustion chamber. The valves are positioned 58.5 degrees from each other, increasing the efficiency of crossflow, exhaust area cooling, and combustion. Two separate rocker-shaft assemblies per cylinder head control all of the valves. The hemispherical combustion chambers also allow the engine to run cooler, creating more surface area for heat transfer and large cooling passages. The engine also has a high volumetric efficiency and a high compression ratio.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Hemi engine became known for its massive horsepower, low-end grunt, and physical size. Hot rodders appreciated its bore and stroke sizes. The Street Hemi produced 425 horsepower and 490 pound-feet of torque. It appeared under the hoods of no fewer than 13 models between 1966 and 1971, though it was never produced in large numbers. The last year of sales for the Street Hemi was 1971, and Chrysler reintroduced it in 2004 when Mopar Performance released it as a crate motor.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Early Instances of the Hemi Engine</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>The first recorded car that featured an engine with hemispherical combustion chambers was the 1903 Welch Tourist. Its two cylinders produced 20 horsepower. Two years later, Belgian automaker Pipe made a car with a four-cylinder hemi engine. In 1907, the Fiat 130 HP Grand Prix car had a hemi. Other automakers later produced cars that featured hemi engines, including Duesenberg, Stutz, and Offenhauser.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>England’s Riley Motors manufactured an engine that used hemispherical combustion chambers, pushrods, overhead valves, and twin camshafts. The 149-cubic-inch engine was used by Healey and produced 104 horsepower (100 horses in non-Healey applications) and 134 pound-feet of torque. It had a small 3.17-inch bore and a large 4.72-inch stroke.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">World War II</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>During World War II, Chrysler began testing and developing engines with hemispherical combustion chambers for aeronautical and military purposes. Chrysler worked with Continental to create the 1,792-cubic-inch AV-1790-5B V-12 in the M47 Patton tank. The monster of an engine put out 810 horsepower and 1,560 pound-feet of torque.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The 1940s P-47 Republic Thunderbolt fighter plane used another example of the hemi engine. The XIV-2220 V-16 had pushrod-activated valves and a displacement of 2,200 cubic inches, and at 3,400 rpm it produced 2,500 horsepower. The engine also used 58.5-degree separation between the valves.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="P-47 XI-2220 engine" height="635" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/sNwoPvCl9ZBfJ8bjvHWG5RfxsxBS6NcJQhH0bM1O2Z8/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NzI4MzI5NzY3MTNj/ZjM1Y_6p0MnMOgnO/IOj8iFCUjprcVVe1/VIapQ6ssamTgnhue/KJrjGVjz798OvyAU/cVHtSuSEFmpn93PB/mXBWMIeC43iQqsya/ZC6lRr2jvu7Qm4rZ/41wxjXmRNgp0-QK6/m1_HZL91SYKtwphd/2wMjEE4XGi4.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>The P-47's XI-2220 engine. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<p>The P-47 was the Air Force’s heaviest and largest single-seater aircraft at the time, and at 15,000 feet, it exceeded 500 mph—70 mph faster than the plane’s original engine. The nose of the plane had to be slimmed down to reduce drag and extended to accommodate the massive engine. The XIV-2220 never made it to production due to the end of the war, but engineers were able to learn some valuable information about cylinder head gas flow.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Chrysler Hemi Development</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1948, Chrysler continued working on a compact V-8 version of the hemi engine. John Platner, a graduate of the Chrysler Institute of Engineering, and William Drinkard, manager of the engine development department, developed a 90-degree V-8 engine with hemispherical heads in the laboratory. After dynamometer testing proved its performance, Chrysler management gave the 330-cubic-inch A-182 engine the green light.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Some changes needed to be made, though, before the hemi could reach production status. Its components had to last 100,000 miles before requiring replacement. One of the major challenges was camshaft wear, as the area between the camshaft lobe and valve tappets would wear prematurely.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Chrysler engineers in Mel Carpenter’s department changed the material of the hydraulic tappets for this A-239 prototype, along with how the faces of the tappets were formed. The hydraulic tappets also allowed for quieter and smoother operation and extended valve life. They reduced the valve unit load and added a graphite coating. An additive was required in the engine oil.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Being able to replace the spark plugs also proved to be a challenge. To remedy the issue, engineers placed steel tubing through the valve covers and large ceramic boots over the spark plugs. The tube had an O-ring seal against the valve covers to help prevent oil leaks. The plug tubes and wires ran under the covers, exiting at the back of the engine.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Engineers also shot-peened the crankshaft to reduce fatigue and added a dual breaker ignition to the engine to create constant hot sparking and to keep a reserve of ignition voltage. The engine underwent 8,000 hours of dynamometer testing, as well as 500,000-plus miles of reliability testing on the road. The result was the FirePower.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Chrysler FirePower" height="629" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/JmxyQ-cUmUI3s_QTDIWDJviLUZdrypBAvZAPE_hZzYQ/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/YTdlZTVmMTc4YTc2/ZjVjOF1QtykU0YgS/gLPDZbasoIumbY7T/2FAy-b7qLHp5Pm5u/8hUooqtRN-mU-L-k/cdiYskZqfONlg3wn/JAJF9_VSJ0VVP_e3/rjKysLLkQuU4E60s/km4nB7Kil1ZfV7xz/DCxha7hbgkXcWl9t/jF9eCzZFNO8.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>The 331-cubic-inch Chrysler FirePower engine with fuel injection. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The FirePower</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>For the 1951 model year, Chrysler debuted the FirePower engine, the automaker’s first overhead valve V-8. It was standard on the Imperial and New Yorker and optional on the Saratoga. Most versions of the FirePower used a single two-barrel carburetor and produced 180 horsepower and 312 pound-feet of torque. The FirePower had a 7.0:1 compression ratio, along with a 3.81-inch bore and 3.63-inch stroke. Just one of the hemi heads weighed 119 pounds, and the complete engine weighed more than 700 pounds.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Chrysler continued developing and testing the hemi engine. The stock exhaust headers were replaced with streamlined units to increase volumetric efficiency. As a result, horsepower jumped up to 193 and torque bumped up to 330 pound-feet. Engineers smoothed and enlarged the exhaust and intake valves; the exhaust valves were opened up by 0.125 inch and the intake valves by 0.25 inch. A set of four inline single barrel carburetors were also added on top.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The test engine became known as the K-310. Its output ended up at 225 horsepower and 332 pound-feet of torque. Engineers discovered that a midrange camshaft added 50 horsepower and 20 pound-feet of torque. With a high performance grind cam and a four carb high speed manual, output jumped up to 308 horsepower and 361 pound-feet of torque with stock pistons. When 12.5:1 pistons were added to the mix, the engine produced 353 horses and 385 pound-feet of torque.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1955, a young member of Chrysler’s management team named Bob Rodger designed a hotter version of the engine using dual four barrel carburetors. Chrysler placed a 331-cubic-inch version of the engine in the C-300, making it the first production American passenger car with a claimed 300 horsepower. The following year, the displacement was increased to 354 cubic inches in the 300B, producing 340 or an optional 355 horsepower. It became the first American V-8 with one horsepower per cubic inch. In the Imperial and New Yorker, the engine made 280 horsepower. In 1957 and 1958, the hemi V-8 had 380 horses, but it left the lineup in 1959.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Father of the Hemi</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>A hot rodder himself, Tom Hoover was one of the founding members of the Ramchargers. He graduated from the Chrysler Institute of Engineering and started at Chrysler in 1955. Hoover led the team that created the 413-cubic-inch Max Wedge cars in 1962, and in 1963, the wedge engine’s size grew to 426 cubic inches, when the ACCUS/FIA established a 7.0-liter displacement limit for racing engines.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="1964 Hemi circuit-racing engine" height="761" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/HXAWQqVkRpt2jg9m8wwWp1whqqBoOzqFd4L9TbEhNXc/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MDIxZWU0OWRiZThh/ZmNmM94f4rVyij8E/1VhMDTjX4WJ5RVB5/3kpAF5kK14C2q50z/mkGWpaEzjRuZzk3U/nsCC6ItWlCUTleZW/eoyDaoSrzxpYVA_K/20M08ZYf2hRWtc4U/Q54twFQDd9cb60lo/8NmAdFECUay4katO/Z5rTC3Iraag.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>1964 Hemi circuit-racing engine. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<p>While wedge engines performed really well in the racing world, there needed to be more. Lynn Townsend, who had been the president of Chrysler since 1961, called for a new engine for competition. On a tight schedule, Hoover and his team went to the drawing boards, altering the first generation hemi head and making modifications to the existing RB block structure. They changed the block to head fastener area and retained the 58.5 degrees of separation between the valves. They also changed the bulletproof bottom end to the reciprocating assembly.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Bred for Racing</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>The A-864, with its 12.5:1 compression ratio, was the first hemispherical head design that sported the trademarked Hemi name. Richard Petty won the 1964 Daytona 500 in a Plymouth Belvedere that featured the first A-864 426 Hemi, and the second and third place finishers used Hemi engines as well. The engine dominated both NASCAR and drag racing that year and grew in popularity among hot rodders, salt flat racers, and boat drag racers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But in 1965, the NASCAR Grand National series banned Chrysler's Hemi engine and Ford’s 427 from competition, simply because both engines weren’t available in production cars at the time (Chevrolet was already completely out of racing). Some of the competitors argued that the Hemi had an unfair advantage. Additionally, mid-size cars were no longer allowed on the superspeedways, which included cars such as the Belvedere and Dodge's new Coronet.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>As a result, Ronney Householder, a former IndyCar driver who was then working for Chrysler as the racing manager, ceased NASCAR efforts for the 1966 season. He urged drivers to compete in the USAC, ARCA, and IMCA series, and other racers, such as Petty and David Pearson, started drag racing.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In NHRA, the Hemi went on a diet for the 1965 season. The NHRA mandated that all Super Stock and Funny Car entries had to have steel bodies rather than aluminum. So, Chrysler developed the A-990 Hemi, with aluminum heads and a magnesium cross-ram intake.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="1963-1965 Hemi engine cross section" height="792" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/2x9OzHWuEodCEL2m6RmePq6sMVd0TsUAReSECiN-sEM/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/OTA3YTFjNTkxZWJh/M2MzOc4ZNuVH05FV/xrqio30mL29Rnl6v/PTAoRSymxkdpyd92/wqqOwMnCcNRak1Rh/PSXXPObF_UVm1NS-/zyY3DzaDdNeurTV5/jBaqsa-zR_9YGk1K/QmlfvCcsMUN2xRCU/2kgjNuv_Cf96QFU-/U02F9zUqtN4.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>1963-1965 Hemi engine cross section. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Street Hemi</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>While Chrysler did sell some Coronets, Darts, and Furys to the public with the racing version of the Hemi, there still wasn’t an official street variant available. However, in a letter from executives Bob Rodger and Bob Cahill dated January 6, 1965, Chrysler Product Planning requested that changes be made to the Hemi so that it could become a package for the NHRA Stock Eliminator class.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Though there were already intentions to add a second four barrel carburetor to the 426S Wedge engine late in 1964, the new Hemi version’s design had to incorporate streetability. The team had to develop it so that it could run efficiently in varying weather conditions and require less maintenance. The engine would run on high octane pump gas and retain all structural changes, such as the heavy-duty bottom end parts and four-bolt mains.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>On January 12, 1965, W.J. Bradley of Chrysler Product Planning released a description of the Street Hemi package. Chrysler kept the Hemi as a higher rpm engine. The biggest change was the new aluminum, inline twin four barrel carburetors. Chrysler opted to use Carter AFBs (a 4139S in front and a 4140S in the rear). The Street Hemi also had a dual plane aluminum intake and a large, chrome semi-silenced air cleaner.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The cast-iron heads were largely unchanged from the A-864 variant, minus a design change to the front pad and valve cover rail for street accessories. The rocker gear and valve designs were identical to those of the race version. A milder street cam provided better low end response, and the ports remained the same. The valve spring rates also were altered. While the spring force still wore out the camshafts faster than those in other Chrysler engines, the rates weren’t as steep as the race version’s. Chrysler strongly advised that owners performed regular rocker arm inspections and adjustments.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="1966 426 Hemi cutaway" height="859" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/5puaG6RAVL1VvuHYFOkQxTg8hNTsHKJjGHt6GbCbsgQ/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NWE1M2NjMTI0YWE2/OWUzMU3DWuDfKOIQ/dtzAhLKtLdqspGoR/YrgKmxu3iWw_2zzw/JxiI2uhaVsDr2dGD/CTZLmpjhH8M38aye/NngtWbokX3ufzGHw/sFxb_msxI9fHirfY/sGQ4r-hbpyM_-KUm/Ds1qDIia4tp9ft0W/o-6h8-tH8EU.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>1966 426 Hemi cutaway illustration. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<p>A pair of cast short-runner exhaust manifolds ran down the sides of the V-8 and were designed primarily for easier installation at the production plant. Additionally, the right exhaust manifold utilized a pair of steel heat riser tubes to help with cold weather driveability. During warm-up, exhaust heat circulated through a port in the back of the intake and a small chamber under the rear carburetor. The operation was controlled via a coiled, bimetallic heat valve located on the exhaust valve, which closed the riser tubes once the engine reached its operating temperature.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Street Hemi engine had a 10.25:1 compression ratio and used baffled oil pan and a lower compression piston that was forged with minor valve relief. A forged crankshaft was Tufftride treated to reduce wear and corrosion and increase its fatigue strength.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The option for the Street Hemi added about $900 to a car’s price, though the cost included some of the heavy-duty upgrades that, for other automakers, would have otherwise been added separately.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Back into Racing</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>By mid-1965, Bill France at NASCAR decided to revoke the no-Hemi mandate, and thus the Hemi engine came back into the oval racing world. In 1966, Richard Petty won his second Daytona 500 in his 1966 Belvedere, and David Pearson claimed his and the Dodge Charger’s first NASCAR championship that year.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In the NHRA Stock Eliminator class, Jere Stahl dominated the class with his 1966 Belvedere and won three of the four national event titles, along with the season championship.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Modern Day Hemi Engines</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>In 2003, Chrysler revived the Hemi name with the 2003 Dodge Ram. Codenamed “Eagle,” the third-generation 5.7-liter Hemi V-8 had near perfect hemispherical combustion chambers with two spark plugs per cylinder. The technology allowed for improved efficiency through spark advance and fuel injection. The 5.7-liter Hemi was updated for 2009 with variable valve timing, modified cylinder heads and intake manifolds for increased airflow and an available variable displacement system.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="SRT Hellcat engine exploded view" height="616" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/9X0FoZywzhaM9-gpHaRJd4XeC4iPvm77EINI99A7quw/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MzZkNDA2YjViN2Fl/ODEwNn8JQMxFZkSC/Q4e6hvT4JhXZRH0H/3brihOO2_EA6uyhm/P405YVrd6gkEHMW-/_p0dJbdHVUIZyRaR/IETSoM_mnO5ZZ5zX/zGH_3tuOf_7o28f_/mPjeU_-dQcfh15g1/BLpPwWx-sB499IEt/GrwgoTTUhQo.webp" width="1000" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>An exploded view of the SRT Hellcat engine. Photo courtesy of Stellantis.</em>  </p>
<p>From Chrysler’s Street and Racing Technology (SRT) division came the 6.1-liter Hemi in 2005. Output increased to 425 horsepower and 420 pound-feet of torque thanks to an improved engine block, lightweight pistons, and a modified intake manifold.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 2007, the “Apache” 6.4-liter Hemi crate engine debuted with 525 horses and 510 pound-feet of torque. Three years later, the 392 Hemi was available in the 2011 Challenger SRT8 with 470 horsepower and 470 pound-feet of torque. This Apache Hemi was largely based on the 5.7-liter V-8 and also appeared under the hoods of the 2014 Ram Heavy Duty and Power Wagon with increased fuel economy and towing capabilities.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Named after Grumman’s F6F Hellcat WWII fighter plane, the 6.2-liter supercharged Hemi V-8 debuted in the 2015 Challenger SRT Hellcat. It produced 707 horsepower and 650 pound-feet of torque and had variable valve timing but no variable displacement.</p>
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          Jan 24, 2018
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            The Story of All American Racers and Its Eagles
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<p>In 1964, Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Company went to the Indianapolis 500 on race day and discovered that none of the race teams were using Goodyear tires—Firestone was dominant. So, the tire manufacturer approached Dan Gurney and Carroll Shelby and provided support for their new racing company based in Santa Ana, California. The two legends, who already had a racing relationship with each other, even incorporated Gurney's small shop in nearby Costa Mesa into it.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Eagle-Weslake T1G" height="406" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/CCzJJVQgGZvk8wVvhyYQClZ87F9fmLjm7zral3QA2zA/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MDk0YzUxMjhmNGRl/NWJlOJiAanA-Hy5E/XexBIGwNQexXzlVz/7cdLB8ascyupWEaf/jstbgn63xiFUJsib/dVtzTMZx31wBMyXc/Q8jnBXWvX01DJi90/2MRW_wyk8fwAR473/6nJd4RkQPBMOpBzD/n38CyJHZQ-dcbm5h/93LPBse2gog.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Eagle-Weslake T1G at the 2012 Goodwood Festival of Speed. Photo by <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jake Archibald</a>.</em>  </p>
<p>While Gurney and Shelby needed a name for the startup, Victor Holt, then president of Goodyear, suggested one, and in 1965, All American Racers was born. AAR began building cars for both its team and customers. (AAR’s European subsidiary, Anglo American Racers, was the racing team that traveled with the cars to tracks and maintained them at its shop in Rye, England. All American Racers built all of the race cars that competed in Europe in the United States.)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The first Eagle race car debuted at the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps with a 2.7-liter Coventry Climax four-cylinder engine. Though competitive, it was underpowered. While AAR’s new 12-cylinder Gurney-Weslake motor appeared at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and the U.S. Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, some issues needed attention, and AAR ended up finishing the season with the Coventry Climax engine instead.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The next year, Gurney got the pole position and won at Brands Hatch with the 12-cylinder engine. Later at the Dutch Grand Prix, the car gained the attention of everyone at the track. The “eagle beak” front end was perhaps the most defining feature of the beautiful car, and its light weight was the result of a magnesium chassis and a titanium exhaust. The 12-cylinder 3-liter engine came out of the Weslake Company shop in Rye and had four valves per cylinder and double overhead cams. AAR’s total budget for four of these engines, including the prototype, was approximately $600,000.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Dan Gurney, 1967 Dutch Grand Prix" height="379" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/Li2Kml_I3oUbDXaw-89eR1IzAt5DO7NUMS70m__L8MY/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZTNlYjIzMDliZjFh/NDgxYw1kWCbcqshT/KE8aJ3969QdH1kgp/XnEtydIohwITwbKY/NGKPDzXt1tmUfBlB/EumiAnnPoHgnyB0B/9dbZFHWmKzIIoV7e/2nN_UeQ8SZ60YwAN/Y9aTJmLYfRia77Tm/Marz7PY15dqxxpz8/MLeyV3_B__4.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Dan Gurney in the pits at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix in Zandvoort. Photo courtesy of AAR Archives.</em>  </p>
<p>Later that year, Gurney won the Formula 1 Belgian Grand Prix after starting second. Gurney’s Eagle race car hit 196 mph on the back straight, and he averaged 143 mph throughout the race. The event was the first and only time an American driver won an F1 grand prix in a vehicle they built. But the number 36 car’s last event was the Italian Grand Prix at Monza in 1968. Afterward, AAR’s shop in England closed its doors as the budget didn’t allow them to continue competing in F1. The team returned to the United States to concentrate on an IndyCar program. In 1968, Bobby Unser won the Indianapolis 500 and the USAC National Championship in a customer Eagle. In 1970, Gurney bought out Shelby after he retired from racing and became AAR’s chairman, CEO, and sole owner.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>AAR’s Eagle race cars became popular both in the States and in Europe, with drivers such as James Hunt, Denny Hulme, Swede Savage, and Al Unser sporting them on the track. Aside from the F1 and IndyCar series, AAR also fielded cars in numerous other series, including Formula A, Formula 5000, Atlantic Series, U.S. Sports Car, and IMSA. They built two Plymouth Barracudas for the 1970 Trans-Am series season and a Ford-powered Lola T70 for Can-Am.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="IMSA Toyota Eagle MkIII GTP" height="373" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/TSnLp0xcANanxzQy4q-8uMqojw3xtQy5BuvHcJu7puk/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZmNlNGQ2N2FjYTU4/OGZhNyIP4c3cTkSi/tC1RfqNVL8WalQzW/Inq66J2qkT6u5H7K/XkGbcIusIsO7H9zk/YlCz8QifISHXSEwS/-EyEuZ9TtiLoT7yv/bXWfgkTjSiJYThKk/q-zGdFEFkO9q1_Tr/oUziQNh-OgZ4BeTa/5V7OyVgGJnw.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>IMSA Toyota Eagle MkIII GTP. Photo by <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Moto "Club4AG" Miwa</a>.</em>  </p>
<p>The company also started a relationship with Toyota in 1983, when the automaker began participating in larger racing series. They built Toyota Celicas for IMSA's GTU class, winning 10 races by 1985. Later, All American Racers built the GTP Toyota Eagle for the IMSA Sports Car Championship, which won 17 consecutive times between 1992 and 1993. Its turbocharged 2.1-liter inline-four put out 750 horsepower in 1992 and used the team's first carbon fiber monocoque. The carbon fiber pieces were vacuum sealed and cured in an oven powered by little torpedo heaters since AAR did not yet have an autoclave.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1996, AAR rejoined the CART Series and later built Eagles for ChampCar. But hardship hit when the Toyota engines suffered in reliability and performance, and Toyota ended its 17-year relationship with AAR in 1999. The same year, Goodyear’s support didn’t work out, and the tire manufacturer withdrew from open wheel racing when it couldn’t keep up with Firestone’s development. AAR soon closed its doors on ChampCar due to a lack of funding. The company later fielded a single Atlantic Series car with Alex Gurney behind the wheel, but that effort ended after one season.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>More recently, AAR built the DeltaWing race car at its California shop. The AAR team and designer Ben Bowlby constructed the race car in a purpose-built engineering office and had to complete the car in 30 days. When the team shipped the car to Highcroft Racing in primer black (it was later painted red after being sent to Atlanta for a press event), Gurney said, “It evokes the image of Kelly Johnson’s Lockheed SR-71 spy plane with wheels.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Nissan DeltaWing 24 Hours of Le Mans" height="425" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/f01SEWAXPSS7wKW5v63qmb4QmwkgS_tqlwPHPa3yQgE/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/YWQ1N2VhYmY0MDQ3/ZDVkNUiwzR3aXWam/fwH6NVsgxanE6xXZ/kFKJUbL3lhpmWy4V/_9ancogjnzlQfxIQ/Mwr2dYZBC8wR4boE/ka_I_0Mc6jtrPwLx/egx8Wtf8ya7jPIgg/D0XKoK4yzL3wmWtO/4WbG0M-3BPXB6FsD/ikVaCg3T7iw.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Nissan DeltaWing at the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans. Photo by David Merrett via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</em>  </p>
<p>The DeltaWing, which was originally designed as a successor to the then-outdated IndyCar, competed in the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans for “Garage 56,” a space reserved for experimental vehicles. An LMP1 Toyota forced the DeltaWing off the track in the Porsche Curves six hours and 15 minutes into the event, and after attempting to repair the damage for 90 minutes, the team retired from the race.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>For the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket’s first successful return to Earth in 2015, All American Racers manufactured the carbon fiber landing legs. The company also patented a moment canceling four-stroke engine, which had the crankshafts rotating in opposite directions to eliminate the unwanted rotating force that happens under cornering. It allowed for low vibration, low stress, trouble-free reliability and endurance, fuel efficiency, and good power delivery. The 1800-cc vertical-twin engine was scheduled to start up for the first time in late 2017.</p>
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          Jan 17, 2018
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            Product Review: My Dip Kit Hydro Dipping Kit
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<p class="has-small-font-size"><em>Note: This is a sponsored post, meaning that the products were provided to The Gearhead Girl at no charge in exchange for a review. All opinions are of my own. In addition, this post contains affiliate links, which means that at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission on your purchase.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Hydro dipping is a water transfer painting process that is used for anything from car parts to cellphone cases. It’s an easy way to get that carbon fiber or wood grain finish on that piece of interior trim or a set of wheels or any other three-dimensional surface. The process has been around for more than 30 years.</p>
<p><span><img alt="My Dip Kit" height="683" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/jzdTlCH_vCHONBCuGwU6rkYMa7u3-xPiC5wpiNpb1MU/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MTM0OWExNGYyZjgy/YzY3YaeiJnyQZUfu/rliNXVp1we5UsrCk/9h2PeNldxvXr-3v5/vsnV1iUz_nhiZbRD/DCactHb3Pqak-Ed2/YXGJAg6iCUSfVE4M/GsLbxQoM-6QVBkzo/hJmXbWg4F6G7UgKH/COo3Z-wQz6EJJ4I2/74rRRKnUrr4.webp" width="1024" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>My Dip Kit was nice enough to send two of their hydro-dipping kits, which are perfect for the beginner or hobbyist. These kits start at $69 and are available through <a href="https://www.mydipkit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the My Dip Kit website</a>. The kits they sent contain two of their popular carbon-fiber films: <a href="https://www.mydipkit.com/shop/black-clear-carbon-fiber-with-silver-base-coat/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">black and clear carbon fiber with silver base coat</a> and <a href="https://www.mydipkit.com/shop/true-weave-carbon-fiber-hydro-graphics-dipping-kit/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">true weave carbon fiber</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Both kits came with the high-gloss clear coat.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Each kit includes one meter of hydrographic film, primer, a base coat, clear coat, activator spray, a scuff pad, respirator mask, a pair of gloves, protective sleeves, and of course instructions. I recommend reading the instructions thoroughly before starting as they detail some important information. It’s everything you need to begin hydro dipping, minus the container (make sure this is deep enough to hold water when your part is fully submerged), the warm water, and masking tape.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>For this review, I decided to try dipping <a href="https://amzn.to/2xrmgK1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">an E-ZPass holder</a> and a wheel center cap for <a href="https://the-gearhead-girl-shop.fourthwall.com/supporters/posts/204501" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a vintage Mini</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Note: You really want to do this in a well-ventilated area because of the aerosol sprays, especially the activator spray. Also, be sure to wear the included respirator mask when spraying anything.</p>
<p><a href="https://youtu.be/KOopCTHMiRc?si=DMz18VA5KVYSi-o4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Watch the Video Here</strong></a></p>
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          Dec 29, 2017
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            La Signorina F1: The Story of Maria Teresa de Filippis
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<p>Eight years after the first Formula 1 World Championship in 1950, at a time when the race cars were capable of 175 mph, a courageous and fearless woman with a nickname of <em>la diavola</em> (she-devil) landed a position on the starting grid of the Belgian Grand Prix at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. Though it was actually her second Formula 1 race, as her first was the non-championship event at the 1958 Gran Premio di Siracusa, where she finished fifth. She is one of only two women to have ever qualified for a position on an F1 starting grid.</p>
<p><span><img alt="Maria Teresa de Filippis" height="640" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/715TiVUhCmNsKJ-ngeJKyOTDhjYDhYi7Eqq2AYXcJEw/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NTA0NGQ1YmJhOWM2/NjhhNNd6-Fs12Ivr/sYfub7bnKQSTsrI-/SN4Zb7Cg5E5ZSFY0/wJ5FTXfwg2X0RGCc/smMXdmY6XFTG-JgF/dI9L96r48gOAh8TN/6tkyNpbTAKJyvUqC/lCYv80nT58hHWk8-/8Lb7oDP_0J7bIk69/8f5XPOUp2pk.webp" width="462" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p>  <em>Maria Teresa de Filippis. Photo courtesy of Maserati S.p.A.</em>  </p>
<p>That woman was Maria Teresa de Filippis. Born into a wealthy family on November 11, 1926, in Naples, Italy, she was the youngest of five kids. Her father, Conte de Filippis, ran many successful companies and was behind the electrification of large areas of rural southern Italy. Her family also owned the 16th century Palazzo Marigliano of Naples and the Palazzo Bianco near Caserta. De Filippis was an avid horsewoman as a teenager and also played tennis and skied.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>At the age of 22, in 1948, two of de Filippis’s brothers, Antonio and Giuseppe, made a bet that she couldn’t drive fast. So, she entered a hillclimb event in a Fiat 500. “I trained in Amalfi and won my first race, the Salerno-Cava dei Tirreni event,” she said. “I loved the speed, the thrill of it.” Not only did de Filippis win her class, but she finished second overall at the event.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Both of her parents were supportive of her new adventures in motor racing, as she competed in various hillclimbs and endurance events. Her mother didn’t object as she was winning, and her father inspired her to succeed in whatever she chose to do.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1949, de Filippis competed in the Stella Alpina Rally in Trento, Italy, in her own Urania-BMW sports car. The following year at the Giro di Sicilia, a 1080-km race, she was presented with flowers after crossing the finish line—but was then disqualified. The race organizers said she had been push-started at the beginning of the race when her mechanic had pushed her into position after she had stopped a few inches short of the starting line. De Filippis’s fellow competitors were not pleased with the decision. Legendary Italian racer Tazio Nuvolari protested: “You made a girl drive over one thousand kilometers on wet roads only to then disqualify her. This is crazy.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>By 1954, de Filippis was winning races all across Italy. While racing her Urania-BMW Giaur and a Maserati brothers’ OSCA MT4, she finished second in the Italian Sports Car Championship. Maserati soon saw her worth and hired her onto Scuderia Centro Sud Maserati as a works driver. De Filippis didn’t want to drive for Ferrari and actually rejected an invitation to drive for them.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>While racing the OSCA, she met and fell in love with rival driver Luigi Musso, who raced for both Maserati and Ferrari in Formula 1 between 1953 and 1958. She and Musso traveled to races together, and Musso helped her perfect her driving technique. The couple would even place bets on who would finish higher in a race. At one point they were engaged, but they never married.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In 1956, de Filippis finished second in a Maserati 200S in a support race for the Naples Grand Prix, a non-championship F1 race through the streets of the seafront district of Posillipo. She had started at the back of the field after she missed the practice session. Two years later, she began driving Juan Manuel Fangio’s 1957 championship car. The Maserati had to have special padding inside to help her reach the pedals, as she was five feet, two inches tall. Fangio told her, “You go too fast, you take too many risks.” At the Monaco Grand Prix, she failed to make the grid, claiming that the slow and twisting street circuit proved to be too much physical stress for her in the Maserati 250F. It was the same race as Graham Hill’s debut, and Bernie Ecclestone also failed to qualify in his Connaught.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Maria Teresa de Filippis, 1958 Monaco Grand Prix" height="435" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/EhrzItUZLzX7klUaZxBY0waZOYEpvIw1CttvcuoASTY/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/MTA2N2VmOGE4OWM1/M2RkMTer1PX4Tr1z/x1EAgqQAMGf_cyRN/sWo6QJceHFkI44Kk/xBjAegaG_C-wvXBL/3ilWn61E0pGWPXO5/NblXVxe-lVdHrhEq/IjYKo91kDOUm9Jdb/u_anHFYspC6khphn/XoBzKrmpYPergYOc/RsDrEG1cq4M.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Maria Teresa de Filippis at the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix. Photo courtesy of Maserati S.p.A.</em>  </p>
<p>De Filippis competed in a total of five Formula 1 events in 1958 and 1959. Her best finish was 10th, after starting 19th, at her debut championship race at the 1958 Belgian Grand Prix at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps—two laps behind the winner. During the same year, she was banned from the French Grand Prix after a race director reportedly said, “The only helmet that a woman should use is the one at the hairdresser’s.” It was the only time de Filippis was ever prevented from racing. She retired early in the Portuguese and Italian grands prix.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>After the 1959 Belgian Grand Prix, de Filippis retired from motor racing. Her friend, Porsche team boss Jean Behra, had lost his drive after punching Ferrari team manager Romolo Tavoni at the French Grand Prix. De Filippis was supposed to drive the Behra’s car, a Behra-Porsche based on the RSK, at the AVUS speedway in Germany, but she allowed him to get behind the wheel instead. He died after going off the 40-degree banking at the northern end of the track. Behra was thrown out of his cockpit and hit a flagpole.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“When I stopped racing, that was because Jean had died in a race where I was supposed to race, not him,” she said. “He went to the race without a drive, and I said: 'It's ridiculous that I should race in your car when you stay on the floor. You go and race it. It's your car.' I didn't even go to the race. Then, on the radio, I heard that he was dead. I decided, on the spot, to stop racing. Too many friends had gone.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>After retiring, de Filippis met Theodor Huschek, an Australian textile chemist, while skiing in St. Anton, Austria. The two married in 1960 and had a daughter, and her marriage and family life took priority. The family resided in Austria, moved to Switzerland, and finally settled down in Italy.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>De Filippis stayed away from motorsport until 1979, when she joined the International Club of Former F1 Grand Prix Drivers. In 1997, she served as vice president of the group and became its honorary president just days before her 85th birthday. She would occasionally visit grand prix race paddocks around the world, and she was also a founder and the president of the Maserati Club.</p>
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<p>Maria Teresa de Filippis passed away on January 9, 2016, at the age of 89 years old in Scanzorosciate, Italy.</p>
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          Nov 27, 2017
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          <a data-turbo-frame="_top" class="post__title" href="/supporters/posts/203500">
            Leena Gade: The First Lady of Le Mans
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<p></p>
<p>Leena Gade is known as the First Lady of Le Mans. Her spectacular resume includes being a three-time Le Mans–winning race engineer (and becoming the first female race engineer to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2011) and a winner of various awards. In 2012, Gade won the FIA World Endurance Championship’s Man of the Year, <em>Top Gear</em>’s Man of the Year, and the C&amp;R Racing Woman in Technology awards.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>After being with Audi and its LMP1 team for years, she worked with Bentley Motorsport as the race engineering technical manager, overseeing its various GT3 teams. Gade went on to work at Schmidt Peterson Motorsports in IndyCar, becoming the series's first female lead race engineer. She now works for Multimatic as the race engineer for Mazda Team Joest's No. 77 Daytona Prototype International entry in the WeatherTech Sportscar Championship.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Leena Gade" height="427" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/4nNhUnfnT7e2-Bs4dsQ5AGSdrmjUvdw5favDufssd3k/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/ZDc2N2U1MjcxYmNl/ZTU2Y-3gr97bULmv/5-RtY7snet1wm5rv/WZP4C0n5v57PKMxX/nE0enuzNKoxwL4d7/i2T1XxBoZxCX8xhN/RbW5ctgif-jgSzQa/O9rZeKr8WGG6-Mhg/mfGZG9tGVhDttwNV/hw9CDuZoW1b1PAFg/W0mkEQ9HmRY.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Photo courtesy of Leena Gade/Bentley Motorsport.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TGG: What got you interested in cars, racing, and engineering?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>LG:</strong> My parents are from India, and I was born in the U.K. When I was nine years old, they wanted to go and relocate back to India, so we moved back. It was only two and a half years before we came back across the U.K. When we moved out there, India was a very, very different place than Britain. We had things like the water would be turned off in the morning and then the electricity would go off midday. I have two younger sisters, and we had to kind of keep ourselves entertained when we were at home.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>One thing my parents always insisted on was that we looked after our toys, or if we broke them, we repaired them. So we got interested in how things were put together, how they worked. After repairing toys that we broke, we would then take stuff apart in the house. It ranged from anything like the radio to the video to the stereo. I mean, we did the whole lot and just kind of got interested in how things were put together and why they were done that way. I think a bit of it was boredom because we didn’t have computers or anything at that time. That’s how I sort of got interested in the functionality of things.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I have a sister three years younger than me called Teena. Both of us were always kind of of the same mind-set of wanting to pull things apart and put them together again. We were introduced to some friends of our family whose son was studying engineering, so we kind of wanted to know what engineering was about. He told us this is what I’m studying, it’s mechanical engineering, it’s to do with designing stuff but also how things work. You can use mechanical engineering to build planes, to build cars, the basics of engineering were for finding solutions to problems. We’re like, wow, this sounds quite interesting.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>My parents, at this point, were like: “Excellent! We’re going to have two engineers in the house. We don’t have to try too hard to get them to do something decent with their lives.” That’s basically how we got started. I would have been about 10 or 11, and my sister would’ve been seven or eight years old. That’s how old we were when we knew we were going to be engineers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Then we came back to the U.K. and moved into an area similar to where we had been before. My sister went back to her middle school that she’d left three years earlier, so she got to hang out with all of her friends again. And she’s a bit of a tomboy, so they were all watching Formula 1 at the time and kind of told her: “You need to watch this. There’s a British driver, his name is Nigel Mansell. There’s this fantastic Brazilian called Senna. There are other guys out there. It’s really, really cool. You should watch it. You’ll learn lots on the TV because they talk a lot about motorsport.” That is literally the story. There’s nothing else. With the power of the TV and with the power of my parents telling us to repair stuff, we just got hooked big time on Formula 1.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It was during an era when the cars were pretty technical, pretty clever. But the drivers, it was all-out racing. There were some huge names: Prost, Piquet, Senna, Mansell, and then sort of later on, Schumacher, Hill, Villeneuve, all these guys. And with the commentary that they had, the two presenters were really good at explaining what went on with the cars, with the racing, with the teams, with the engineering. It was like, wow, this seems like something you could do as a career, which sort of led to a bit of disappointment with my parents. They were like: “Oh my God, they’re going into something that’s quite niche and very small. They’ll grow up out of it, they’ll grow up out of it.” We hit 18, we hit 20, we got to university. We’re doing degrees in aerospace engineering, like, “Yeah, yeah, we’re going to be in motorsport!” And our parents are like, “Oh, God.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>That was literally it. I think at the time, again like I say, we had computers, but internet was nothing at the time. So we sort of just did a lot of our research using magazines and reading books or talking to people. We were so hooked that we were writing to teams asking for work experience from quite a young age and just trying to really get into the industry. Anything from polishing cars to trying to do data analysis, that’s what we offered to do, and we offered to do it for free.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I didn’t get anything almost immediately. I ended up going to university and then going into the automotive industry before actually doing any work experience in motorsport. Whereas my sister, when she was about 14, did two weeks work experience at Williams. That was good for her, that was what she wanted to do for the rest of her life. And then she went off to do some data stuff while she was at uni. That’s pretty much how we got into it.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What were your favorite cars as a kid?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>It started off with Formula 1, obviously. We were big fans of Williams and McLaren, not so much Ferrari. But that was sort of where we were with Formula 1. Then we started to get more into accessible racing, racing we could go and afford to see at race tracks. So we started watching British touring cars, which at the time was one of the most technical touring car series that was around. We started watching a lot of rallying because rally was huge at the time. It was the Toyota Celica, Lancia Delta Integrale, Subaru Impreza 555, Mitsubishi Lancer Evo, and stuff.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And then we started to get into what was happening in the States with IndyCar. Now, we didn’t really ever get into NASCAR, but that’s because it was never shown on British TV. IndyCar had the advantage that Nigel Mansell went across from the U.K. to America. So that’s what made everyone in Britain kind of go: “Wow, what’s going on in IndyCar? Let’s watch that.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Funny enough, at this time, I didn’t really know anything about sports car racing, and I didn’t know anything about endurance racing. I just knew about sprint races. I was just so hooked. I was so enthusiastic to get into motorsport. I was working on everything from amateur club racing cars to Formula BMW, which was spec cars for kids between the ages of 15 and 18, and just really kind of getting more and more experience.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I didn’t really have a favorite as such, but my ambition when I was quite young, and probably right up until I got into university and then I’d say for a good few years afterward, was Formula 1. All I wanted to do was work in Formula 1. But it wasn’t so easy to do, so slowly I kind of petered out a little bit, and I got less enthusiastic about wanting to go to F1 because I didn’t have the experience. Although, it’s a little bit about who you know. It’s so technical in F1 that to kind of just slot into a job, you have to really have applied for a specific position and then to have grown with that position. So it never really happened.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And then, basically, sports cars happened, where my sister and I, almost completely by accident, just ended up with teams who were doing GT cars in the sports car series. And then in the distance were these prototype cars that were much faster and space-age-like. She did some before I did, actually.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And then I just landed in with Audi, probably about three years after I started trying to get experience in motorsport. That’s when I landed a part-time position with Audi. And it was just through pure word of mouth. Someone spoke to someone, someone spoke to someone who said: “We know this girl, she’s doing all this data, she really wants to get further ahead. She wants to quit her full-time job in automotive and come across to motorsport. Is there anything you can help her out with?” “Yeah, yeah, we need an assistant. Do you think she can do it?” “Yeah, we think she’ll be OK.” And that was it.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who were your influences in the motorsports world?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I was a huge Senna fan as a kid, and then it sort of followed being a Hill fan and Villeneuve, because they weren’t Michael Schumacher. And at the time, he was the guy that everyone wanted to support.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But in terms of engineering, there were guys out there who were featured on the various different F1 programs. So Ross Brawn was one, and Adrian Newey was another. Then there were guys like Patrick Head and Sam Michael. They all sort of had a Williams bias because those were the guys who we followed. But we also had an eye on where everyone was going and where everyone was moving. So we knew of the names and stuff, but those were the guys who really stuck out because they had gone into Formula 1 as designers, as aerodynamicists, engineers. And in Patrick Head’s case, he had been involved in motorsport, especially in F1, for such a long time and had grown up during the phase when Formula 1 had radically developed.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>These are kind of the guys who we really looked up to, and we wanted to be them when we grew up. It’s really weird because when you meet them, you’re like, “I remember you from when I was a kid!” You’re a bit starstruck at first, and they’re looking at you thinking, “What is wrong with that person?”</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How many different hats have you worn throughout your career? What did you do before becoming a race engineer at Audi?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>Like I said, when I first left university, I didn’t go directly into motorsport. I went to go and work at Jaguar, and then I followed that with a short stint at MIRA Ltd. [a consultancy for the automotive industry based in the U.K.]. I was working in automotive, which was actually a really, really good thing for me because with my degree in aerospace, I had little knowledge of cars. I had this intention to become an aerodynamicist, and within a month or two of being at university, I realized that being in the wind tunnel was not going to be something I was good at. So I picked back up with the degree because it was a pretty intense course to get through, but I needed to know a lot more about cars and how they’re put together, and especially high-powered cars. So it was great going to Jaguar. I got to work in a department where it was full vehicle, learning everything from how the driveline and powertrain all worked together to how noise transmits into a car and how vibrations transmit into a car, chassis dynamics, vehicle dynamics, all sorts of stuff.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But the desire to be in motorsport was so huge that I first started out working in a series called Formula Vee, which is like a club racing series. You know the original VW Beetles? Those cars are still produced in South America, especially in Brazil. And the old designs for all of the engines and the cars themselves are still in existence because they’re made over there for taxis in places like Mexico City. So you can buy the spares for the engines. I came across a company where the owner had 14 or 15 of these cars. He sometimes leased them out to customers, but he would also sell them to customers and maintain them. He had just one mechanic who looked after building up all the cars, setting them up, putting the engines and gearboxes in, and then running them at a race weekend.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So I happened to meet him at a motor show and said: “Look, this is what I want to do. I want to get into motorsport, but I need experience. Can I help you?” And he was like: “Aha! Free labor! Of course you can help me.” So I started off by mechanicing for him. There were no data systems on these cars or anything. It was just purely about setting the car up and off it goes to the driver. It was just making sure that the car stayed working, but because there were 15 of these things, they needed a hand.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I helped them out with that for a couple of years, and having gotten a good idea of how a race car is put together, additionally to road cars, what are the priorities, how do you set one up, I was then able to sort of keep asking around and writing to teams saying: “Look, I’m doing this as work experience, but I want to make my next step. My next step I want to make is data engineering. I want to be able to analyze data from cars, talk through it with an engineer, and talk through it with the driver.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So I ended up doing Formula BMW for a couple of seasons while doing the Formula Vee. Once you kind of get into a paddock where there are lots of motorsports teams, you just get to know people and you get to talk to them. Things were changing quite a lot in motorsport at the time. This was when A1GP started to come in. I got to know more and more people. I got to do some stuff in GT. I got to do some stuff with sports cars. And at the same time, I got to know a team that was running four teams in A1GP.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>My sister happened to be in the same paddock as me. She was working in touring cars at the time. But because people knew who we were, we were quite rare, especially because it’s not often you get very many women in engineering or even mechanicing in motorsport, but to get a pair of sisters who are into it and working in the same field. So everyone knew who we were. So, very slowly we got to know a few teams and basically said: “We want to do more. What can we offer your team?” “We need data analysts, can you do data for us?” “Yeah, we can.” So that’s how I ended up in A1GP.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I did little bits and pieces here and there. I then went into working with a prototype team that was going to Le Mans in 2006. Again, through accident—someone who knew someone who knew someone and put my name for it. And that was the first time I went to Le Mans, with a privateer LMP1 team. It was the first year Audi had taken a diesel to Le Mans. I hadn’t really gotten an interest in Le Mans at the time until I went there. Which is strange to say, but I think it’s one of those things where you’re sort of introduced to Le Mans and then you get hooked. I kept looking down in the paddock and thinking: “Wow, that’s a really interesting team. They’ve got this huge organization.” And it was on this totally different scale to anything I’ve been involved in. I thought, “One day, I’d like to work for a team like that.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So I did Le Mans that year, in 2006, and a couple of races later where the same privateer team was running in the series in Europe, I happened to be talking to one of the mechanics. And I said: “You know, I need to make my next step. I’d like to go and work for a team where I can develop a car.” He knew some people who were developing a Jaguar GT3 car based on the XK8. And I was like: “I know everything about that Jaguar. I’ve worked on it as a road car, so I know what goes on underneath the skin.” And he asked if he could put my name for it, and I said, “Yeah, of course.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So he put my name for it and called me back a week later and said: “They want to see you. Can you come in in a week’s time?” I said, “That shouldn’t be a problem, I’ll come down from where I’m at.” And he said: “By the way, they’ve got another project they’re doing. The engineer who’s developing it, he works for a team out in the United States, and he needs an assistant. Would you be interested?” I said, “Well, if it’s relocating to the States, at the moment that’s not an option, but by all means you can put my name for that, too.” He said, “OK, I’ll let you know.” And then he sent me a text message saying, “Yeah, they’ll be more than happy to speak to you about that.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I went across to go see them, and at this point I had absolutely zero idea of what other projects they were running in the U.S. All I knew was that I was going to see them about helping them out with the design works for this Jaguar. So we talked and they showed me around the car, and then the same engineer, his name was Howden [Haynes], said: “Let’s have a chat about the stuff that’s going on in the States. Have you done Le Mans?” “Yes, I have.” “I see that on your CV. Do you know much about sports cars?” I said, “Well, what I’ve done is only a handful of races, but I really enjoyed it and I’d like to get more involved.” “Well, I need an assistant in the United States for the ALMS [American Le Mans Series].”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And then he said the word “Audi,” and at this point it still didn’t click which car he was talking about. And I was like, “OK, they’re running an Audi in the States, it can be any kind of sports car.” “So, would you be interested? I need an assistant, someone to back me up. I’m the race engineer, but I need someone who looks at the data at the same time and is there to help me with the car and everything.” And I was like, “Wow, OK. Yeah, I’ll give it a go.” And then out came the data book and all this other stuff. And all of a sudden, on the front of this data book was a picture of the same Audi that I had seen about two months before racing around Le Mans that had won the race. And I was like: “Oh. That Audi.” I was a bit like, “Oh my goodness.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I actually didn’t know that they were racing in the States with the car because my exposure to Le Mans was only a couple of months before, it really wasn’t more than that. So, I was like: “Right, OK. I've got some work to do!” So I went home with all this information and was a bit sort of overloaded and was a bit like, “What have I gotten myself into?” And at the time, I was talking to him in September, the plan would have been to start working for them from February or March onwards in 2007. And that is exactly what happened.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I was doing all of that work with them in the States in the American Le Mans series championship. But then I also had a couple of other projects I was doing still with A1GP and a bit of other single-seater racing and then some other FIA GT1 series. But that’s pretty much how I got into Audi and never really looked back.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="#2 Audi R18 TDI, 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans" height="299" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/N2CeEDq5usKuLRLsL1ULXh-E2Zb1l70NHT7YFjRFrOk/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NDEzNmQwMWQyMmU0/YmI2ZhR1PKV1qyQu/G_ZCnLq3Q3TwwLCO/_Uh6bvAZ9ErUFdMb/I4aWXBkJXlxrnxXu/Y1Vo8uTwpzGXpHzC/gfJdINTI1F2hjMdK/Wg2ZFImjC1jGpJdv/FkZd4seercV3lDvC/MW0FlYN5xhW9unQq/5zZeNPACCTI.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>The #2 Audi R18 TDI at the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans. Photo by Alessandro Prada via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was it like working for the Audi LMP team and when you earned all of your Le Mans wins?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>It was pretty incredible. I think you don’t realize at the time when you’re sort of massed into it that you’ve got the job that everyone wants to have. It’s pressurized, don’t get me wrong. There’s a lot of money riding on projects like this, and especially for companies like Audi and more recently Toyota, Porsche, and Peugeot. They invested a lot in those cars and in those teams to make the series successful and to be successful. The biggest race for everyone was always Le Mans.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But when you’re there, you quite quickly find that if you’re not pulling your weight, it gets noticed. I was a contractor for a long time, so for me it was really a case of if I didn’t do my job, I’m going to be out the door. Whereas some of the regular Audi staff were there permanently, they didn’t quite have that same pressure because they were somewhat protected by the workers’ rights that they may have had with a big organization. If they wanted to talk about some racing, they could move directly into the automotive side, where it wasn’t an option for me.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>When I was given the opportunity, there was only one choice for me: I have to make it work, and I have to make it work really well. I was quite conscious when I first went in, more so than I did with any of the other jobs, that I was the only female there. I did think that perhaps there was going to be a bit of judgment about my performance because I was a woman. But actually there was nothing like that, or at least I never noticed anything or had any inkling that the guys ever thought that I was different because I was female. I was mainly kind of singled out for being different because I have a terrible sense of humor. I was very cheesy. I say what I think. I won’t be offensive about it, but I don’t hold back. So I think the Germans were a bit like, “Wow, this one is pretty direct.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>But really in the end, it was all about a team and about making a team function as well as possible. Everyone came from different backgrounds. Drivers, mechanics, and engineers from France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, England, America, Brazil, Spain. We had drivers from all over the place. We had engineers from all over the world. And we had this bulk of a team which came from Germany, whose set language was usually German, but in front of everyone, they spoke English. I’m very privileged to say that I worked with a really great engineer, Howden. He taught me so much in such a short space of time. And we got on really well being on the same wavelength. He had ideas, and he would bounce ideas off of me or ask me questions, and I’d give back some feedback. But we had different ways of trying to improve our functioning as a little car crew. And that really set me up.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So from 2007 to 2010, for the best part of three and a half years, we worked very closely together. We learned how to be a really strong unit, and we actually set the benchmarks for all of the other cars crews at Audi. They might not always have been performing at the same level that we were. I say it was because we were very open to ideas. I didn’t feel afraid to give mine. We functioned really well and Audi spotted that early on in that stage. If they wanted to make sure that their entire team raised its games even higher, they were going to have to separate us, which wasn’t good initially because they didn’t want to break up a really successful, winning crew. But they knew they had to spread this kind of knowledge to make it available to everybody.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>And when we did separate out as two separate engineers, we were actually sort of working against each other on sister cars. Things were a bit awkward. You’re in competition with the guy who taught you everything you know, and you have to raise your game even higher because you don’t have those same drivers and that same engineering squad behind you. You’re on your own. You need to make it work.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So it was a huge learning curve, both personally, just my own personality and the way I was, the way I behaved and interacted with engineering. I was no longer a background engineer, I was now a lead senior engineer. People look up to you. They want you to be there to give them guidance, so you have to be able to make decisions and kind of move forward. It was massive.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>There were times, especially toward the end of my career with Audi where there were things I really didn’t enjoy because the cars got quite complicated, we ended up with a huge team. There were lots of politics between people, between departments. But in the end, I look back on my days at Audi, and probably including the last couple of years, and I’d say it was one of the most amazing experiences I’ve ever had. It’s taught me everything that I know and more. It’s set me up to a point that wherever I go next or whichever team I’m with, I can take those lessons and the habits that I learned, both good and bad, and try to make my own new race team or whatever and make it how I think it should be run. I’m so privileged to have worked for them, and I’m very grateful for everything they put into me. They didn’t have to give me the chance that they did. It worked out really well.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What made you decide to move to Bentley?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I basically had been at Audi for the better part of nine years. One thing I had become quite conscious of was it’s very easy to keep operating in the same way and to not really be pushing yourself because you get comfortable or because the team maybe stagnates a little bit. What I wanted was to be able to look out for myself to see was it time to move on from being a lead race engineer to doing something different, was it time to go to a different race series and see what other races were out there because Le Mans is one of those things that doesn’t last forever, which has been shown. Audi pulled out, subsequently Porsche was pulling out, so it’s really kind of in a bit of a state of flux.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>For me, it was a case of trying to get a different challenge together and taking on some different levels of responsibility. So I came to Bentley in a more technical role and in a more senior role. I was no longer looking after one race car, I was looking after a team. It wasn’t the Bentley Works team, it was a team that was semi-works, and they’re a very good team, ABT Sportsline. I know them from DTM, where they worked with Audi, so I knew the guys there and I knew what they were capable of doing. They were running a big project on behalf of Bentley at the Nordschleife for the 24-hour race at the Nürburgring in 2017. That was something that was a bit different for me and them. I was introducing them into the series but also working with them to build up their team. Effectively, because they’re racing Bentleys and representing Bentley as a brand, taking on that role technically but also with a mind-set as to how to represent an organization.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>So that’s sort of why I moved, to get kind of a different experience and see if there was another race series out that could spark some interest. It’s definitely very challenging in GT3. Technically, the cars are nothing like an LMP1 car, but they don’t need to be because the competition between the brands is adjusted by the performance in such a way that everyone’s competitive. So you have to think outside of the box. How do I make my product at this race, while I’ve been given less power, just as competitive as it was at the last race? What do I do with my drivers? How do I coach them? How do I deal with a team? Where are the team’s weaknesses? Where are their strengths? There’s a lot of stuff that still goes on there, but a lot of stuff in which you have to think in a very different way. It’s been an incredible learning experience. It really has.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What has been your favorite racing experience?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I think, and maybe because I’ve done it so many times, but when you are the slower car, you’re the underdog. And you win because you pull out a slightly different strategy or you keep your wits about you, you don’t panic and go off, and you do something quite unique compared to what everyone else does, or there are other teams out there that might be a little bit arrogant believing that they’re going to be the ones to set the mark to win. But you beat them hands down. That’s always a great experience to have. Not because you feel smart, but actually because you know you managed to pull an entire team together and they performed at their maximum level to get the maximum amount out of the package you have, because that’s what racing is about.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The fastest car doesn’t always win. It’s the team and the package that brings it together and holds it together and doesn’t panic when everything is kind of flying around and going crazy. Those are the teams that do the best. And I think when you’re at that position that you can do that, that’s probably the most enjoyable experience you can have.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span><img alt="Leena Gade" height="427" src="https://imgproxy.fourthwall.dev/J5lPjzkVBF7mJBp9x-su7zYc4V9WI5A_8HMtvyVfVZk/w:890/el:0/q:90/sm:1/enc/NzZkY2Q5NWZiYmQ0/YTIzY5lH_OQ5Ctg9/mkAOFGc5OFpTJW7Q/ubwzl_sEB2aBW4FS/--HwtMRCQTkHUmXZ/eU2Tw0A1hTqgiPLj/eYJcDFkBqLkz-VE8/sphfGhLzQA1OyzC7/zqEUBHJ-1NLvsW9q/hGL-yIFYBOa-J5n4/W1tPXMFlqLc.webp" width="640" onerror="this.style.display='none'"></span></p>
<p><em>Photo courtesy of Leena Gade/Bentley Motorsport.</em>  </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Do you do anything else on the side, either in the automotive or motorsports worlds?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>No. At Bentley, I’m just doing the GT3 side of things. Once you submit the base proposal of the car to the FIA for regulations purposes, you are locked into the concept and need to make it work and be competitive for the life of that race car. You can’t really change anything. You can adjust settings, but you can’t have a fundamentally different aerodynamic package from one year to the next. But what you look for is the small nuances of things that you can develop, whether it be better power delivery from the engine to the wheels, whether it’s different springs to give you a different platform setup, whether it’s trying to develop a different driving style with your drivers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>You do all those kinds of things, and the small little bits from everything adds up. You’d be surprised to how much attention to detail you need to give to these cars to keep them competitive and always have an edge on everyone else. There are obviously other projects that go on in terms of developing what products come out in the future in terms of racing. So my time is pretty much taken up with just doing that.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Have you ever gotten behind the wheel and done any racing yourself?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>It’s best that that doesn’t happen. My driving skills are pretty limited. I’m amazed I actually passed my motorbike stuff. It was never really something I wanted to do. I probably got that impression really quickly when I was about 17 years old. I sat in a twin-engine go-kart, when I happened to be talking to the team that was running a track where I wanted to get some mechanicing experience. They suggested I have a go around the track in the kart.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Because I’m quite short and I’m quite small, I’m the perfect size to go in a go-kart. This thing was probably doing about 70-75 mph in a straight line on this track, and it scared the living daylights out of me. You have to have a certain level of ability to risk take and car control. I did two laps, and I came back and said: “You know what? It’s best that someone who wants to do that does that and that I stand in the background and I fix it.” It was not for me.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It’s never been something that I’ve been that interested in. I don’t know if that’s a good or a bad thing. I think I don’t have the talent to drive a car like the racing drivers do. What I would love to do at some point, though, is sit in the passenger’s seat and do a lap of Le Mans with some of the guys who have won the race and have driven LMP1 cars. I think the car control that they exhibit is something that I could never even get close to and I wouldn’t want to even try. With those cars in particular, you have to drive them fast to get the downforce, to get you stability. Now, if you scare yourself by going too quick, even in a straight line, you’re never going to be able to drive it like they do. I wouldn’t even dream of taking over their jobs. They do that, I do my job. Let’s keep it that way.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Do you have a favorite automobile manufacturer?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I don’t, actually. I’m probably the least car-like person you’ll ever come across. Some of my colleagues at work have cars they work on at home, and it’s the very last thing I could dream of doing on my weekend. I’m just not into them at all like that.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I like a lot of the different technical concepts that come out—the things with the hybrids and the electric cars. They’re all very interesting from an engineering point of view. But what’s my ultimate car, I’ve got zero idea. I think if I was tinkering with anything, it would probably be a motorbike I would tinker with. I wouldn’t tinker with a car.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">So . . . if you could have any car ever made, what would it be?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>There are some absolutely amazing cars that have set the standard for how the automotive industry evolved. Funny enough, actually a Model T. I’d love to drive a Model T. I don’t know what it would be like, but it was one of the first mass produced cars, and I think that’s an amazing feat in itself. All of the cars that were produced in the ’50s and the ’60s, the hot rod cars, things like the Chargers and the GT40, all of those kind of things, there’s something quite raw and basic about them, which makes them amazing pieces of machinery. They don’t have all the tricks in them, but I think you probably don’t need the tricks to appreciate their kind of driving style.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I’d say probably the ultimate car that you always look at, which always gets people turning their heads, is probably a Ferrari. Every time you see it or hear it, the engine tune from a Ferrari isn’t maybe one of the most pleasant sounds of all time, but anytime you see them, you just think, “Wow, that’s a cool car.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Which car would I have? It’s gotta be a Dino. Ferrari Dino. I’d love to have one of those. I don’t have anywhere near the money to buy one, but it’d have to be that one.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Do you have any goals for the future?</h2>
<p> </p>
<p>I know that I want to be in motorsport for the long term, but never say never to changing industries. It’s something that gives me such a huge amount of satisfaction. I love being at the race track. I thought that I didn’t want to be at the race track, which is one of the reasons why I ended up thinking about going to Bentley and taking a step back. But actually, I just love being at the race track and doing stuff. I really enjoy the whole teamwork side of things.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I’d say, if there’s anything I really want to do in terms of developing, I’d love to be involved in a project which starts out as a concept and then actually morphs into a race car and goes racing and developing that car and that team. That’s something I haven’t really actually done. With Audi, I just picked up what they had already got. And although I was involved in a lot of the development, especially when they went down the route of making the hybrid car, initially I wasn’t involved in the basic concept side.</p>
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